Fuel generator with diffusion ampoules for fuel cells

• US 6,645,651 B2
• Filed: 06/01/2001
• Issued: 11/11/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 06/01/2001
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Manhattan Scientifics Inc.
• Original Assignee: Manhattan Scientifics Inc.
• Inventors: Vazul, L. Luke, Hockaday, Robert G., Turner, Patrick S., Bradford, Zachary R., DeJohn, Marc D., Navas, Carlos J., Uhrich, F. Wade, Vaz, Heathcliff L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Maples, John S.
• Application Number:
  US09/870,506
• Publication Number:
  US 20020182459A1
• Time in Patent Office: 893 Days
• Field of Search: 429/19, 429/34, 429/17, 429/39, 422/236, 422/239, 481/982, 48D/IG.5, 48/61
• US Class Current: 429/413
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 4/02 for feeding measured , i.e. prescribed quantities of reagents
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 7/00 Apparatus for generating gases production of inert gas mixtures B01J19/14; for generating specific gases, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. C01B, C10J ; in "air bags" on vehicles B60R21/26; for starter gas F02C7/26; blasting cartridges for producing gas under pressure F42B3/04
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/066 with fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/02 Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/065 from a hydride
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 11/00 Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels absorbing compositions for acetylene C10L3/04; absorbing compositions for hydrogen C01B3/0005
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 11/007 for hydrocarbon gases, such as methane or natural gas, propane, butane or mixtures thereof [LPG]
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04186 of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04208 Cartridges, cryogenic media or cryogenic reservoirs
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0612 from carbon-containing material
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/065 by dissolution of metals or alloys; by dehydriding metallic substances
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0687 Reactant purification by the use of membranes or filters
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/32 Hydrogen storage
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/36 Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 48/05 Diffusion membrane for gas reaction or separation

Abstract

A system of two fuel ampoules that can deliver a reactant by diffusion through one of the ampoule walls to the other, such that when said reactant enters the second ampoule, it reacts with another reactant in said second ampoule, making hydrogen gas as a product. Both ampoules are stored in a fuel impermeable container. These ampoules used with small low power fuel cells which need a steady controlled uniform delivery of vaporous fuel such hydrogen and alcohols. This fueling system provides a simple safe fuel interactive system for small hydrogen fuel cells that prevents inadvertent hydrogen production by any single ampoule being exposed to water or typical consumer environments.

Claims

1. A hydrogen fuel gas generator, comprising:

a first ampoule having a first reactant stored therein and having a first permeable membrane for passing a vapor from the first reactant out through the first membrane;

a second ampoule having a second reactant therein and having a second permeable membrane for passing vapor from the first ampoule through the second permeable membrane into the second reactant, and for passing hydrogen outward through the second permeable membrane into a container; and

a hydrogen outlet port in the container and a hydrogen conduit connected to the outlet for delivering the hydrogen to a hydrogen consuming device.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a filter positioned adjacent the outlet port for permitting hydrogen to flow out of the outlet port.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the filter is a hydrogen permeable polymer.

4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the filter is a hydrogen permeable metal film.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising an intermediate permeable membrane spanning the container between the first and second ampoules.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a fuel cell connected to the hydrogen conduit as the hydrogen consuming device.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a channel connected to one of the ampoules from the fuel cell for returning elements and compounds from the fuel cell to one of the ampoules.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a non-permeable membrane in the container between the first and second ampoules.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising an opening in the non-permeable membrane, and wherein the second permeable membrane is flexible for moving toward and away from the non-permeable membrane for closing and opening the opening according to relative pressures on opposite sides of the non-permeable membrane.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, further of vapors toward the second membrane.

11. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising multiple openings in the non-permeable membrane and multiple flaps for selectively opening and closing the multiple openings.

12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the non-permeable membrane is a first non-permeable membrane, and further comprising a second non-permeable membrane and the ampoule, and a variable chamber between the first and second impermeable membranes, first and second openings in the first and second impermeable membranes, at least one of the impermeable membranes being flexible and operable for moving toward and away from the other impermeable membrane.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, having first and second flaps extending in a same direction for respectively opening and closing the first and second openings as the at least one impermeable membrane is flexed for varying volume of the chamber.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein at least one of the impermeable membranes has a rim extending toward the other impermeable membrane for surrounding and blocking the openings in the other impermeable membrane from communicating with openings in the at least one membrane for controlling flow comprising additives in at least one ampoule for enhancing, catalyzing, humidifying, or providing an acidified gas stream to a consuming device.

15. A fueling apparatus, comprising at least two containers placed in close proximity to each other for moving fluid from at least one container into at least one other container for generating a hydrogen bearing fuel with at least one other container, and moving the hydrogen bearing fuel from the at least one other container to an exit.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein at least one of the containers contains one or more chemical hydrides.

17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein at least one of the containers contains one or more reactive solids.

18. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein at least one of the containers contains one or more volatile reactants.

19. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein walls of the containers are permeable to one or more volatile reactants.

20. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein walls of the containers are selectively permeable to one or more volatile reactants.

21. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein walls of the containers are made of silicone rubber or polymers that exhibit low permeability to water and high relative permeability to other reactants.

22. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein walls of the containers are made of silicone rubber or polymers that exhibit low permeability to water and high relative permeability to methanol, formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, acetic acid, or formic acid.

23. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein at least one of the containers contains one of the chemical hydrides of LiH, LiAlH₄, LIBH₄, NaH, NaAlH₄, NaBH₄ MgH₂, Mg(BH₄)₂, KH, KBH₄, CaH₂, or Ca(BH₄)₂.

24. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein walls of the containers are made of silicone rubber or polymers that exhibit low permeability to water and high relative permeability to methanol, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, or formic acid and one of the containers contains one of the metals of Li, Na, K, Rb, Al, or Ca.

25. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reaction control mechanism adjacent the containers for regulating mass flow of reactants between the containers.

26. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a reaction control mechanism for regulating mass flow of reactants between the containers based on response to consumption or pressure of produced hydrogen.

27. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising an adjuster connected to the containers, wherein fuel diffusion from at least one container is adjusted electrically or mechanically.

28. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising mechanism regulating mass flow of reactants between the containers based on response to consumption or pressure of the produced hydrogen, which consists of valves, valves mechanically linked to the tension in the container walls, moveable apertures, pumps, fans, ion drag membranes and changing diffusion lengths.

29. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the hydrogen-bearing fuel is hydrogen gas used in a fuel cell.

30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the produced hydrogen gas is filtered through a filter.

31. The apparatus of claim 29, herein the produced hydrogen gas is filtered through a selectively permeable filter.

32. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a mass flow conduit for conducting a mass flow back to the containers from a consuming device.

33. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein each container comprises two or more types of ampoules which, when used, are removed from impermeable containers and placed in proximity to the other type of ampoule and a fuel cell, and a cover is replaced to form a diffusion (manifold) plenum and restricts or excludes air exchange with the plenum.

34. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein products from a hydrogen consuming device react with reactants in the containers for supplementing or intensifying hydrogen production reaction between the reactants in the containers.

35. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein products or water or carbon dioxide from a hydrogen consuming device react with reactants in the containers for supplementing or intensifying the hydrogen production reaction between the reactants in the containers.

36. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein products or water or carbon dioxide from a hydrogen consuming device react with reactants in the containers for supplementing or intensifying hydrogen production reaction between the in the containers, and neutralizing a chemical hydride spent product.

37. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the containers comprise ampoules, and wherein the ampoules are placed in an openable container that when sealed permits reactants the ampoules to react with each other to produce hydrogen.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, further comprising additives in the ampoules for causing an appearance change and indicating quantity of reactants in the ampoules.

39. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the ampoules appearance changes as the reactants are consumed.

40. The apparatus of claim 37, further comprising a foam plenum between the first ampoule and the impermeable membrane, and a vent connected to the foam plenum for venting vapor from the first ampoule when the opening is closed.

41. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein selective permeabilities of the ampoules have a temperature dependent permeability to feeding the hydrogen bearing fuel at optimum rates at different temperatures.

42. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the ampoule walls are formed with layers or composite of materials.

43. The apparatus of claim 37, further comprising storage container, walls are formed in layers or composite materials.