Optical fiber apparatus and associated method

• US 6,690,844 B2
• Filed: 05/17/2001
• Issued: 02/10/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 05/17/2001
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Cisco Technology, Inc. (Cisco Systems, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Optronx Inc.
• Inventors: Deliwala, Shrenik
• Primary Examiner(s): Sanghavi, Hemang
• Assistant Examiner(s): Wong, Eric
• Application Number:
  US09/859,338
• Publication Number:
  US 20030026546A1
• Time in Patent Office: 999 Days
• Field of Search: 385/1, 385/2, 385/8, 359/321, 359/196
• US Class Current: 385/2
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 20/00 Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12038 Glass (SiO2 based materials)
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12061 Silicon
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12097 Ridge, rib or the like
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12104 Mirror; Reflectors or the like
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12107 Grating
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12114 Prism
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12135 Temperature control
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12161 Distributed feedback [DFB]
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12164 Multiplexing; Demultiplexing
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12176 Etching
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 27/285 comprising arrays of elements, e.g. microprisms
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/045 Prism arrays
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/10 of the optical waveguide type G02B6/02, G02B6/24 take precedence; devices or arrangements for the control of light by electric, magnetic, electro-magnetic or acoustic means G02F1/00; transferring the modulation of modulated light G02F2/00; optical logic elements G02F3/00; optical analogue/digital converters G02F7/00
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12004 Combinations of two or more optical elements
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12007 forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12011 characterised by the arrayed waveguides, e.g. comprising a filled groove in the array section
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12016 characterised by the input or output waveguides, e.g. tapered waveguide ends, coupled together pairs of output waveguides
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12026 characterised by means for reducing the temperature dependence
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12028 based on a combination of materials having a different refractive index temperature dependence, i.e. the materials are used for transmitting light
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/12033 : characterised by means for configuring the device, e.g. moveable element for wavelength tuning switching G02B6/35; thermo-optic devices G02F1/0147
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/1225 : comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/1228 : Tapered waveguides, e.g. integrated spot-size transformers for coupling with fibres G02B6/305
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/124 : Geodesic lenses or integrated gratings
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/272 : comprising polarisation means for beam splitting and combining
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/2861 : using fibre optic delay lines and optical elements associated with them, e.g. for use in signal processing, e.g. filtering delay lines in general H03H, H01P9/00; optical computing devices G06E
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29325 : of the slab or planar or plate like form, i.e. confinement in a single transverse dimension only integrated circuit planar waveguide arrangements G02B6/12007; specially adapted for lighting G02B6/0011
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29349 : Michelson or Michelson/Gires-Tournois configuration, i.e. based on splitting and interferometrically combining relatively delayed signals at a single beamsplitter
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29358 : Multiple beam interferometer external to a light guide, e.g. Fabry-Pérot, etalon, VIPA plate, OTDL plate, continuous interferometer, parallel plate resonator G02B6/29347, G02B6/29349, G02B6/2935, G02B6/29361 take precedence; resonator evanescently coupled to light guide G02B6/29335
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29391 : Power equalisation of different channels, e.g. power flattening
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29395 : configurable, e.g. tunable or reconfigurable switching G02B6/35
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/34 : utilising prism or grating G02B6/293 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/4232 : using the surface tension of fluid solder to align the elements, e.g. solder bump techniques flip-chip mounting techniques in assembly of semiconductor devices H01L24/81
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/43 : Arrangements comprising a plurality of opto-electronic elements and associated optical interconnections
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/0147 : based on thermo-optic effects G02F1/132 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/0152 : using free carrier effects, e.g. plasma effect
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/025 : in an optical waveguide structure G02F1/017, G02F1/2257 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/295 : Analog deflection from or in an optical waveguide structure]
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2201/20 : delay line
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 27/1203 : the substrate comprising an insulating body on a semiconductor body, e.g. SOI three-dimensional layout H01L27/0688

Abstract

An apparatus and associated method for altering the propagation constant of a region of filtering propagation constant in an optical waveguide. The method comprising positioning an electrode of an electrode shape proximate the waveguide. An altered region of filtering propagation constant is projected into the waveguide that corresponds, in shape, to the electrode shape by applying a voltage to the shaped electrode. The propagation constant of the region of filtering propagation constant is controlled by varying the voltage. Such filter embodiments as an Infinite Impulse Response filter and a Finite Impulse Response filter may be provided.

Claims

1. An optical filter that filters an input optical signal in order to generate a filtered output optical signal, comprising:

a waveguide that includes an input port wherein the input optical signal is introduced into the waveguide, an output port wherein the filtered output optical signal exits the waveguide, and a region of filtering propagation constant disposed along a length of the waveguide and between the input port and the output port, wherein the input optical signal is guided by total internal reflection in the waveguide, and the waveguide is formed at least in pan from an active semiconductor;

a first electrode positioned proximate a first surface of the region of filtering propagation constant and electrically separated from the active semiconductor;

a second electrode in electrical contact with the active semiconductor and disposed on a first side of the region of filtering propagation constant;

a two-dimensional electron (hole) gas (2DEG) having a free carrier distribution that is formed on the first surface of the active semiconductor when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode;

a third electrode in electrical contact with the active semiconductor disposed on a second side of the region of filtering propagation constant opposite the first side;

wherein the second and third electrodes are electrically coupled to a common potential;

a field effect transistor (FET) portion that includes the first, second, and third electrodes; and

wherein changing the voltage causes a corresponding change of the free carrier distribution which, in turn, causes corresponding change of a propagation constant level in the region of filtering propagation constant that filters the input optical signal flowing through the region of filtering propagation constant.

2. The optical filter of claim 1, wherein the FET portion is from one of the group of metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET), metal-electrical insulator-semiconductor FET (MISFET), a metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET), a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), or a modulation doped FET (MODFET).

3. An optical filter that filters an input optical signal in order to generate a filtered output optical signal, comprising:

a waveguide that includes an input port wherein the input optical signal is introduced into the waveguide, an output port wherein the filtered output optical signal exits the waveguide, and a region of filtering propagation constant disposed along a length of the waveguide and between the input port and the output port, wherein the input optical signal is guided by total internal reflection in the waveguide, and the waveguide is formed at least in part from an active semiconductor;

a first electrode positioned proximate a first surface of the region of filtering propagation constant and electrically separated from the active semiconductor;

a second electrode in electrical contact with the active semiconductor and disposed on a first side of the region of filtering propagation constant;

a two-dimensional electron (hole) gas (2DEG) having a free carrier distribution that is formed on the first surface of the active semiconductor when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode;

a metal oxide semiconductor capacitor (MOSCAP) portion; and

wherein changing the voltage causes a corresponding change of the free carrier distribution which, in turn, causes corresponding change of a propagation constant level in the region of filtering propagation constant that filters the input optical signal flowing through the region of filtering propagation constant.

4. The optical filter of claim 3, wherein the body contact electrode is located below the waveguide.

5. An optical filter that filters an input optical signal in order to generate a filtered output optical signal, comprising:

a waveguide that includes an input port wherein the input optical signal is introduced into the waveguide, an output port wherein the filtered output optical signal exits the waveguide, and a region of filtering propagation constant disposed along a length of the waveguide and between the input port and the output port, wherein the input optical signal is guided by total internal reflection in the waveguide, and the waveguide is formed at least in part from an active semiconductor;

a first electrode positioned proximate a first surface of the region of filtering propagation constant and electrically separated from the active semiconductor;

a second electrode in electrical contact with the active semiconductor and disposed on a first side of the region of filtering propagation constant;

a two-dimensional electron (hole) gas (2DEG) having a free carrier distribution that is formed on the first surface of the active semiconductor when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode;

wherein the waveguide comprises any group III or group V semiconductor; and

wherein changing the voltage causes a corresponding change of the free carrier distribution which, in turn, causes corresponding change of a propagation constant level in the region of filtering propagation constant that filters the input optical signal flowing through the region of filtering propagation constant.

6. An optical filter that filters an input optical signal in order to generate a filtered output optical signal, comprising:

a waveguide that includes an input port wherein the input optical signal is introduced into the waveguide, an output port wherein the filtered output optical signal exits the waveguide, and a region of filtering propagation constant disposed along a length of the waveguide and between the input port and the output port, wherein the input optical signal is guided by total internal reflection in the waveguide, and the waveguide is formed at least in part from an active semiconductor;

a first electrode positioned proximate a first surface of the region of filtering propagation constant and electrically separated from the active semiconductor;

a second electrode in electrical contact with the active semiconductor and disposed on a first side of the region of filtering propagation constant;

a two-dimensional electron (hole) gas (2DEG) having a free carrier distribution that is formed on the first surfaceof the active semiconductor when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode; and

wherein changing the voltage causes a corresponding change of the free carrier distribution which, in turn, causes corresponding change of a propagation constant level in the region of filtering propagation constant that filters the input optical signal flowing through the region of filtering propagation constant;

wherein the optical filter includes a finite-impulse-response (IIR) filter characterized by an output that is a linear combination of present and past input values.

7. An optical filter that filters an input optical signal in order to generate a filtered output optical signal, comprising:

a waveguide that includes an input port wherein the input optical signal is introduced into the waveguide, an output port wherein the filtered output optical signal exits the waveguide, and a region of filtering propagation constant disposed along a length of the waveguide and between the input port and the output port, wherein the input optical signal is guided by total internal reflection in the waveguide, and the waveguide is formed at least in part from an active semiconductor;

a first electrode positioned proximate a first surface of the region of filtering propagation constant and electrically separated from the active semiconductor;

a second electrode in electrical contact with the active semiconductor and disposed on a first side of the region of filtering propagation constant;

a two-dimensional electron (hole) gas (2DEG) having a free carrier distribution that is formed on the first surface of the active semiconductor when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode; and

wherein changing the voltage causes a corresponding change of the free carrier distribution which, in turn, causes corresponding change of a propagation constant level in the region of filtering propagation constant that filters the input optical signal flowing through the region of filtering propagation constant;

wherein the optical filter includes finite-impulse response (FIR) filter characterized by an output that is a linear combination of present and past input values.

8. An optical filter that filters an input optical signal in order to generate a filtered output optical signal, comprising:

a waveguide that includes an input port wherein the input optical signal is introduced into the waveguide, an output port wherein the filtered output optical signal is introduced into the waveguide, an output port wherein the filtered output optical signal exits the waveguide, and a region of filtering propagation constant disposed along a length of the waveguide and between the input port and the output port, wherein the input optical signal is guided by total internal reflection in the waveguide, and the waveguide is formed at least in part from an active semiconductor;

a first electrode positioned proximate a first surface of the region of filtering propagation constant and electrically separated from the active semiconductor;

a second electrode in electrical contact with the active semiconductor and disposed on a first side of the region of filtering propagation constant;

a two-dimensional electron (hole) gas (2DEG) having a free carrier distribution that is formed on the first surface of the active semiconductor when a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the second electrode; and

wherein changing the voltage causes a corresponding charge of the free carrier distribution which, in turn, causes corresponding charge of a propagation constant level in the region of filtering propagation constant that filters the input optical signal flowing through the region of filtering propagation constant;

wherein the optical filter includes a frequency domain filter region.

9. An optical filter having characteristics that vary in response to changes in a propagation constant level of a region of filtering propagation constant of a waveguide, comprising:

a gate electrode having a prescribed electrode shape positioned proximate the waveguide;

a voltage source that applies voltage to the gate electrode, wherein the voltage causes the gate electrode to project into the waveguide the region of filtering propagation constant, said region of filtering propagation constant corresponding generally in shape to the prescribed electrode shape and filtering light flowing through the waveguide; and

a controller that controls the propagation constant level of the region of filtering propagation constant and the characteristics of the filter by varying the voltage applied to the gate electrode to adjustably filter light flowing through the waveguide.

10. The optical filter of claim 9 that includes an infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filter characterized by an output that is a linear combination of a present input value and past output values.

11. The optical filter of claim 9 that includes a finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter, the FIR filter is characterized by an output that is a linear combination of the present and past values of the inputs.

12. The optical filter of claim 9 that includes an arrayed waveguide.

13. The optical filter of claim 9 that includes a frequency domain filter region.

14. The optical filter of claim 9, further comprising a 2DEG oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to the region of filtering propagation constant.

15. The optical filter of claim 9, further comprising a field effect transistor (FET) portion including a source electrode and a drain electrode.

16. The optical filter of claim 9, wherein the FET is from one of the group of metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET), metal-electrical insulator-semiconductor FET (MISFET), a metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET), a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), or a modulation doped FET (MODFET).

17. The optical filter of claim 9, further comprising one or more body contact electrode(s) positioned relative to the waveguide and electrically integrated with an active semiconductor.

18. The optical filter of claim 9, further comprising a metal oxide semiconductor capacitor (MOSCAP) portion that includes the body contact electrode.

19. The optical filter of claim 9, wherein the body contact electrode is located below the waveguide.

20. The optical filter of claim 9, wherein the body contact electrode includes a first body contact electrode and a second body contact electrode, the first body contact electrode, the gate electrode, and the second body contact electrode are located above the waveguide.

21. The optical filter of claim 20, wherein the first body contact electrode is located on an opposed side of the gate electrode from the second body contact electrode, and wherein the waveguide comprises any group III or group V semiconductor.

22. The optical filter of claim 14, wherein the free-carrier distribution of the 2DEG layer is varied by changing the voltage applied to the gate electrode, and wherein light flowing through the waveguide is controllably attenuated in response to the voltage applied to the gate electrode.

23. The optical filter of claim 9, further comprising an optical device coupled with a variable coupling to the optical filter.

24. A method for varying the light filtering characteristics of an optical device by changing a propagation constant level of a region of filtering propagation constant of a waveguide in the optical device, the method comprising:

positioning a planar electrode proximate the waveguide;

applying a voltage to the planar electrode to change the level of propagation constant in the region of filtering propagation constant in the waveguide wherein the region of filtering propagation constant corresponds in shape to a shape of the planar electrode; and

controlling a propagation constant level of the region of filtering propagation constant and the filtering characteristics of the optical device by varying the voltage.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising a 2DEG located between the planar electrode and a body contact electrode, wherein the 2DEG is oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to a length of the region of filtering propagation constant.

26. The method of claim 24, further comprising a field effect transistor (FET) portion including the planar electrode.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the FET is from one of the group of metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET), metal-electrical insulator-semiconductor FET (MISFET), a metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET), a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), or a modulation doped FET (MODFET).

28. The method of claim 24, further comprising one or more body contact electrode(s) positioned relative to the waveguide and electrically integrated with an active semiconductor.

29. The method of claim 24, further comprising a metal oxide semiconductor capacitor (MOSCAP) portion including a body contact electrode.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the body contact electrode is positioned below the waveguide.

31. The method of claim 29, wherein the body contact electrode includes a first body contact electrode and a second body contact electrode, the first body contact electrode, the planar electrode, and the second body contact electrode are located above the waveguide;

and the first body contact electrode is located on an opposed side of the planar electrode from the second body contact electrode.

32. The method of claim 24, wherein the waveguide comprises any group III or group V semiconductor.

33. The method of claim 25, wherein the free-carrier distribution of the 2DEG layer is changed by changing the voltage applied to the planar electrode, and wherein light flowing through the waveguide is controllably changed in response to changing the free-carrier distribution of the 2DEG layer.

34. The method of claim 24, further comprising an optical device coupled with a variable coupling to the optical filter.

35. A computer readable medium containing software that controls a planar electrode having a prescribed shape positioned proximate a waveguide, said software when executed by a processor causes the processor to perform the steps of:

projecting a region of filtering propagation constant into the waveguide that corresponds in shape to the prescribed shape, by applying a voltage to the electrode; and

controlling a propagation constant level of the region of filtering propagation constant and filtering characteristics of the waveguide by varying the voltage.

36. An optical filter having light filtering characteristics that vary with changes to a propagation constant level of a waveguide, the optical filter comprising:

a region of filtering propagation constant disposed along a length of the waveguide and defining a region where light is filtered, wherein the light is guided within the waveguide by total internal reflection, and the waveguide is formed at least in part from an active semiconductor;

a Field Effect Transistor portion (FET portion) including a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode;

the gate electrode is mounted to, but electrically insulated from, the active semiconductor;

the drain electrode and the source electrode are held at a substantially common voltage;

wherein the gate electrode, the source electrode, and the drain electrode are positioned substantially above the waveguide, the source electrode is located on a substantially opposed side of the gate electrode from the drain electrode;

a two-dimensional electron (hole) gas (2DEG) having a free carrier distribution that is formed on a first surface of the active semiconductor proximate the gate electrode when a voltage is applied between the gate electrode and the common voltage;

a voltage source connected to the gate electrode for applying the voltage to the gate electrode, wherein the gate electrode projects the region of filtering propagation constant into the waveguide to filter light flowing through the waveguide; and

a controller for controlling the propagation constant level of the region of filtering propagation constant and the light filtering characteristics by varying the voltage.

37. The optical filter of claim 36 that includes an infinite-impulse-response (IIR) filter characterized by an output that is a linear combination of a present input value and past output values.

38. The optical filter of claim 36 that includes an finite-impulse-response (FIR) filter characterized by an output that is a linear combination of present and past input values.

39. The optical filter of claim 36 that includes an arrayed waveguide.

40. The optical filter of claim 36 that includes a frequency domain filter region.

41. An apparatus for filtering an input optical signal in order to generate a filtered output optical signal, comprising:

a planar electrode positioned proximate the waveguide;

means for projecting a region of filtering propagation constant in the waveguide that substantially corresponds in shape to a shape of the planar electrode by applying a voltage to the planar electrode; and

means for controlling a propagation constant level of the region of filtering propagation constant by varying the voltage to control the filtering of light flowing through the waveguide.

42. A method for generating a filtered output optical signal by passing an input optical signal through a waveguide, comprising:

providing a gate electrode proximate the waveguide;

providing a body contact electrode proximate the waveguide;

applying the input optical signal to the waveguide;

applying a filtering voltage to the gate electrode that generates a region of filtering propagation constant in the waveguide; and

generating the filtered output optical signal in response to the input optical signal.

43. An apparatus for filtering an input optical signal to produce a filtered output signal, comprising:

a planar electrode positioned proximate the waveguide;

means for applying a voltage to the planar electrode to change the level of propagation constant in a region of filtering propagation constant in the waveguide wherein the region of filtering propagation constant generally corresponds in shape to a shape of the planar electrode; and

means for controlling a propagation constant level of the region of filtering propagation constant by varying the voltage to control the filtering of light flowing through the waveguide.