Differential crystal oscillator

• US 6,696,898 B1
• Filed: 11/12/1999
• Issued: 02/24/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 11/12/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Avago Technologies International Sales Pte Limited (Broadcom, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Broadcom Corporation (Broadcom, Inc.)
• Inventors: Vorenkamp, Pieter, Ward, Christopher M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Mis, David C.
• Application Number:
  US09/438,689
• Time in Patent Office: 1,565 Days
• Field of Search: 331/74, 331/75, 331/116.R, 331/116.FE, 331/158, 331/175, 331/185, 331/186
• US Class Current: 331/116.0FE
• CPC Class Codes: H01F 17/0006 Printed inductances printed coils for dynamo-electric machines H02K3/26; printed circuits H05K
• CPC Class Codes: H01F 2017/0053 with means to reduce eddy currents
• CPC Class Codes: H01F 2021/125 Printed variable inductor with taps, e.g. for VCO
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 27/08 including only semiconductor components of a single kind
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/364 the amplifier comprising field effect transistors H03B5/366 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H03H 11/1291 Current or voltage controlled filters
• CPC Class Codes: H03J 1/0075 where the receiving frequencies of the stations are stored in a permanent memory, e.g. ROM
• CPC Class Codes: H03J 2200/10 Tuning of a resonator by means of digitally controlled capacitor bank
• CPC Class Codes: H03J 3/04 Arrangements for compensating for variations of physical values, e.g. temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H03J 3/08 by varying a second parameter simultaneously with the tuning, e.g. coupling bandpass filter
• CPC Class Codes: H03J 3/185 with varactors, i.e. voltage variable reactive diodes

Abstract

A periodic signal generation circuit includes a differential crystal oscillator suitable for integration on a semiconductor substrate. The oscillator utilizes an external crystal as a resonator. The circuit is designed such that differential sinusoidal signals are present on the resonator leads to provide superior noise rejection of interfering signals. Differential signal transmission is maintained throughout the oscillator to reject noise generated by other circuitry that may be present on the substrate. Noise radiated out from the oscillator through the power supply, substrate, bond wires and pads is reduced due to the generation of differential signals of controlled sinusoidal amplitude and low harmonic content. The oscillator produces low phase noise so that the oscillator may be used in applications, such as TV receivers, that are sensitive to distortion. The circuit is a square wave that has low jitter, thus reducing jitter produced in digital circuits that would utilize this square wave clock signal.

Claims

1. A differential oscillator comprising:

a first transistor having first and second end terminals and a first control terminal;

a second transistor having third and fourth end terminals and a second control terminal;

means for coupling the first control terminal to one of the end terminals of the second transistor and the second control terminal to the corresponding end terminal of the first transistor;

means for biasing the first and second transistors to oscillate;

a differential output formed between corresponding end terminals of the first and second transistors; and

a reference crystal connected across the differential output to establish a frequency across the differential output.

2. The differential oscillator of claim 1, in which the differential oscillator is part of an integrated circuit chip, the differential output of the differential oscillator is coupled to external terminals on the integrated circuit chip, the reference crystal is disposed off the integrated circuit chip, and the reference crystal is connected to the external terminals.

3. The differential oscillator of claim 1, in which the coupling means comprises a first RC timing circuit connected between the first control terminal and the end terminal of the second transistor and a second RC timing circuit connected between the second control terminal and the one end terminal of the first transistor, the RC timing circuits determining a natural frequency at which the differential oscillator oscillates in an absence of the reference crystal.

4. The differential oscillator of claim 1, additionally comprising a buffer amplifier having a differential input connected across the differential output.

5. The differential oscillator of claim 1, in which the reference crystal is a quartz crystal.

6. A crystal oscillator including:

a resonator circuit, defining a symmetrical pair of output terminals;

an active oscillator circuit, coupled to the symmetrical pair of output terminals, thus creating differential sinusoidal signals of substantially a same amplitude at the symmetrical pair of output terminals; and

a linear buffer amplifier, coupled to receive the differential sinusoidal signals thus created by the resonator circuit and the active oscillator circuit interaction, and providing a differential sinusoidal output signal at a pair of out put terminals.

7. The crystal oscillator of claim 6, further including:

a nonlinear buffer amplifier, cascaded after the linear buffer amplifier such that the differential sinusoidal output signal is transformed into a differential periodic reference signal in operative response to the differential sinusoidal output signal from the linear buffer amplifier.

8. A crystal oscillator, including:

a resonator circuit, defining a symmetrical pair of output terminals;

an active oscillator circuit, coupled to the symmetrical pair of output terminals, and thus creating differential sinusoidal signals at the symmetrical pair of output terminals;

a linear buffer amplifier, coupled to receive the differential sinsoidal signals thus created by an interaction between the resonator circuit and the active oscillator circuit, and providing a differential sinusoidal output signal at a pair of output terminals; and

a nonlinear buffer amplifier, cascaded after the linear buffer amplifier such that the differential sinusoidal output signal is transformed into a differential periodic reference signal in operative response to the differential sinusoidal output signal from the linear buffer amplifier.

9. The crystal oscillator circuit of claim 8 wherein the resonator circuit comprises:

a crystal;

a first capacitor shunted to a ground from a first terminal of the crystal; and

a second capacitor shunted to the ground from a second terminal of the crystal.

10. The crystal oscillator circuit of claim 8 wherein the active oscillator circuit further comprises a differential pair of transistors implemented such that feed back in the active oscillaor circuit limits a transistor gain thus preventing latch-up of an active oscillator circuit output at frequencies above cut off frequencies of high pass filters.

11. The crystal oscillator circuit of claim 8 in which the active oscillator circuit comprises high pass filters in a path of each of the output terminals such that low frequencies are rejected thereby preventing latch up of a crystal oscillator circuit output at frequencies below cut off frequencies of the high pass filters.

12. The crystal oscillator circuit of claim 8 wherein the active oscillator circuit further comprises a gain device, providing positive feed back to the resonator circuit.

13. The crystal oscillator circuit claim 8 in which the active oscillator circuit comprises:

a first high pass filter in a path of a first output terminal of the output terminals; and

a second high pass filter in a path of a second output terminal of the output terminals;

whereby low frequencies are rejected, preventing latch up of a circuit output at frequencies below cut off frequencies of the first and the second high pass filters.

14. The crystal oscillator circuit claim 8 in which the linear buffer amplifier comprises:

means for presenting a high impedance at an input of the resonator circuit thereby preventing resonator loading; and

bias means for operating the linear buffer amplifier in a bias region producing linear amplification.

15. The crystal oscillator circuit claim 8 in which the linear buffer amplifier comprises means for producing a substantially unity signal gain.

16. The crystal oscillator circuit of claim 8 in which the linear buffer amplifier comprises means for producing a signal gain substantially within a range of 0.95 to 1.05.

17. The crystal oscillator circuit of claim 8 wherein the nonlinear buffer amplifier comprises means for transforming a sine wave input to a square wave output, whereby an output jitter is reduced to produce a stable reference clock.

18. The crystal oscillator of claim 8 in which the nonlinear buffer amplifier comprises amplification means to transform a sine wave input to a CML square wave output.

19. A crystal oscillator circuit comprising:

a crystal resonator having differential outputs;

an active oscillator circuit having differential outputs cascaded with the crystal resonator such that the differential outputs produced by interactions between the crystal resonator and the active oscillator circuit are sinusoidal signals;

a linear buffer amplifier having differential inputs coupled to a point where the crystal resonator and the active oscillator circuit are connected, and thus providing a differential output without degrading the interactions between the crystal resonator and the active circuit; and

at least one nonlinear buffer amplifier having differential inputs coupled to the differential outputs of the linear buffer amplifier and producing a differential output signal.

20. The crystal oscillator of claim 19 further comprising a nonlinear buffer amplifier coupled to a linear buffer amplifier output.

21. A crystal oscillator circuit comprising:

a differential active network having differential output terminals;

a differential linear buffer amplifier having a differential input and output terminals;

a resonator coupled across the differential output terminals of the differential active network and the differential input to the differential linear buffer amplifier; and

at least one differential nonlinear buffer amplifier coupled to the output terminals of the differential linear buffer amplifier for producing one or more differential output signals.

22. The crystal oscillator circuit of claim 21 in which the resonator includes:

a crystal;

a first capacitor shunted to a ground from a first terminal of the crystal; and

a second capacitor shunted to the ground from a second terminal of the crystal.

23. The crystal oscillator circuit of claim 21 in which the differential active network includes high pass filters in a path of each lead of the resonator such that low frequencies are rejected in order to prevent latch up of a circuit output at frequencies below cut off frequencies of the high pass filters.

24. The crystal oscillator of claim 21 in which the differential active network additionally includes a differential pair of transistors implemented such that feed back in the differential active network limits a transistor gain, thus preventing latch up of a circuit output at frequencies above cut off frequencies of high pass filters.

25. The crystal oscillator of claim 21 in which the differential linear buffer amplifier comprises:

means to present a high input impedance to prevent resonator loading; and

bias means to operate the differential linear buffer amplifier in an operating region of linear amplification.

26. The crystal oscillator of claim 21 in which the at least one differential nonlinear buffer amplifier comprises amplification means to transform a sine wave input to a square wave output.

27. The crystal oscillator of claim 21 in which the at least one differential nonlinear buffer amplifier comprises amplification means to transform a sine wave input to a CML square wave output.

28. A method for generating a stable differential clock signal comprising the steps of:

generating a differential sinusoidal signal across terminals of a crystal;

high pass filtering a signal present at each terminal of the crystal;

amplifying each signal that has been high pass filtered with a reduced gain as a signal amplitude increases;

buffering the differential sinusoidal signal that is present across the terminals of the crystal;

linearly amplifying the buffered differential sinusoidal signal; and

nonlinearly amplifying the previously linearly amplified buffered differential sinusoidal signal.

29. The method of claim 28 in which the nonlinearly amplifying step produces an essentially square wave output.

30. A method for generating a stable differential clock signal comprising the steps of:

generating a differential sinusoidal signal across terminals of a crystal;

linearly amplifying the differential sinusoidal signal; and

nonlinearly amplifying the linearly amplified differential sinusoidal signal, while maintaining a differential signal throughout and producing a differential output signal.

31. A crystal oscillator comprising:

a one port resonator having two terminals to facilitate an establishment of a differential sinusoidal signal between the terminals, that the differential sinusoidal signal is coupled to;

a one port active oscillator circuit having two terminals that are coupled to the one port resonator terminals whereby, a resulting signal produced at the coupled terminals is a differential sinusoidal signal characterized by substantially equal amplitudes, and a phase difference of substantially one hundred and eighty degrees;

a first capacitor shunted to a ground from a first terminal of the one port resonator;

a second capacitor shunted to the ground from a second terminal of the one port resonator;

a two port buffer amplifier providing a high impedance differential input port and an output port, with each of the high impedance differential input port and the output port consisting of two terminals, having it'"'"'s the high impedance differential input port coupled to a coupling established between the one port resonator and the one port active oscillator circuit such that a differential signal present is not perturbed, and having its output port coupled to; and

a two port nonlinear amplifier having differential inputs and outputs, with each of the differential inputs and outputs consisting of two terminals, with the differential inputs coupled to the output port of the two port buffer amplifier wherein an input is a differential sinusoid and an output produced is a differential square wave of a same frequency as the input, characterized by the substantially equal amplitudes, and the phase difference of substantially one hundred and eighty degrees.

32. The crystal oscillator of claim 31 wherein additional nonlinear buffer amplifiers inputs are coupled to the output port of the two port buffer amplifier, wherein the input is a differential sinusoid and outputs produced are differential square waves of the same frequency as the input, with each output of the outputs characterized by the substantially equal amplitudes, and the phase difference of substantially one hundred and eighty degrees between pins.

33. The crystal oscillator of claim 31, wherein differential square wave amplitudes at output ports of additional nonlinear buffers are set to various differing logic levels.