Methods and apparatus to generate liquid ambulatory oxygen from an oxygen concentrator

• US 6,698,423 B1
• Filed: 10/19/1999
• Issued: 03/02/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 06/16/1997
• Status: Expired

• Current Assignee: Respironics Incorporated (Koninklijke Philips N.V.)
• Original Assignee: Sequal Technologies Incorporated (Niterra Co., Ltd.), Teijin Limited
• Inventors: Walker, Graham, Honkonen, Scott C., Hill, Theodore B., Hill, Charles C.
• Primary Examiner(s): Lewis, Aaron J.
• Application Number:
  US09/420,892
• Time in Patent Office: 1,596 Days
• Field of Search: 626/06, 626/15, 162/110, 162/174, 128/200.24, 128/201.21, 128/204.15, 128/204.17
• US Class Current: 128/201.21
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2202/0007 introduced into the body
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2202/0208 Oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2202/03 Gases in liquid phase, e.g. cryogenic liquids
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2253/108 Zeolites
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2253/116 Molecular sieves other than zeolites
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2256/12 Oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2257/102 Nitrogen
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2257/404 Nitrogen oxides other than dinitrogen oxide
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2257/502 Carbon monoxide
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2257/504 Carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2257/80 Water
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2259/40001 Methods relating to additional, e.g. intermediate, treatment of process gas
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2259/40009 using sensors or gas analysers
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2259/416 involving cryogenic temperature treatment
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2259/4525 for storage and dispensing systems
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2259/4533 for medical purposes
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2259/4541 for portable use, e.g. gas masks
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2259/455 for transportable use
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 5/0039 Recuperation of heat, e.g. use of heat pump(s), compression
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/0454 Controlling adsorption controlling temperature swing adsorption B01D53/0462, controlling pressure swing adsorption B01D53/047
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/047 : Pressure swing adsorption
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/053 : with storage or buffer vessel
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/261 : by adsorption
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2201/058 : portable (<30 l)
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2203/0391 : by vacuum
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2205/0326 : electrically actuated
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2205/0332 : Safety valves or pressure relief valves
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2205/0341 : Filters
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2221/011 : Oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2223/0161 : cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2227/0353 : using cryocooler
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2227/04 : Methods for emptying or filling
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2250/032 : using computers
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2250/0408 : Level of content in the vessel
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2250/043 : Pressure
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2250/0439 : Temperature
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2250/0452 : Concentration of a product
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2260/02 : Improving properties related to fluid or fluid transfer
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2265/015 : by separating
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2270/025 : Breathing
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 2270/0509 : "Dewar" vessels
• CPC Class Codes: F17C 6/00 : Methods and apparatus for filling vessels not under pressure with liquefied or solidified gases
• CPC Class Codes: F25B 9/006 : the refrigerant containing more than one component F25B9/004 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F25B 9/145 : pulse-tube cycle
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 1/0017 : Oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 1/0052 : by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 1/0212 : as a single flow MCR cycle
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 1/0225 : using other external refrigeration means not provided before, e.g. heat driven absorption chillers
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 1/0244 : Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation F25J1/0279 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 1/0276 : Laboratory or other miniature devices
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 2205/40 : using hybrid system, i.e. combining cryogenic and non-cryogenic separation techniques
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 2205/60 : using adsorption on solid adsorbents, e.g. by temperature-swing adsorption [TSA] at the hot or cold end
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 2205/80 : using membrane, i.e. including a permeation step
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 2210/40 : Air or oxygen enriched air, i.e. generally less than 30mol% of O2
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 2220/50 : Separating low boiling, i.e. more volatile components from oxygen, e.g. N2, Ar
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 2270/90 : External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
• CPC Class Codes: F25J 2270/91 : using pulse tube refrigeration
• CPC Class Codes: Y02C 20/40 : of CO2
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 70/10 : Greenhouse gas [GHG] capture, material saving, heat recovery or other energy efficient measures, e.g. motor control, characterised by manufacturing processes, e.g. for rolling metal or metal working

Abstract

The present invention is directed to a much safer and less expensive way of providing portable oxygen from a gas concentrator for patients who do not want to be tied to a stationary machine or restricted by present oxygen technology. The present invention involves a home liquid oxygen ambulatory system for supplying a portable supply of oxygen, where a portion of the gaseous oxygen output obtained from an oxygen concentrator is condensed into liquid oxygen. The system includes an oxygen concentrator which separates oxygen gas from the ambient air, a condenser in communication with the oxygen concentrator for receiving and liquefying the oxygen gas flow, a cryocooler associated with the condenser, and a first storage dewar in fluid communication with the condenser and adapted to store the oxygen liquefied by the condenser, the first storage dewar including means for transferring liquid oxygen from the first dewar to a second dewar for storing a quantity of oxygen suitable for moveable oxygen treatment.

Claims

1. A home liquid oxygen ambulatory system for supplying a portable supply of oxygen, where a portion of the gaseous oxygen output obtained from an oxygen concentrator is condensed into liquid oxygen, comprising:

(a) an oxygen concentrator which separates oxygen gas from the ambient air;

(b) a condenser in communication with said oxygen concentrator for receiving and liquefying the oxygen gas flow;

(c) a cryocooler associated with said condenser; and

(d) a first storage dewar in fluid communication with said condenser and adapted to store the oxygen liquefied by the condenser, the first storage dewar including means for transferring liquid oxygen from the first dewar to a second dewar for storing a quantity of oxygen suitable for moveable oxygen treatment, wherein said liquid oxygen transferring means is adapted to increase the pressure in said first dewar.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a heater immersed within the liquid oxygen in said first dewar.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein said first dewar includes an inner vessel in which said liquid oxygen reside, and liquid transferring means includes a heater attached to the outer surface of inner vessel.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein said condenser is in communication with said concentrator through a line, and said liquid transferring means includes a compressor located in said line between said condenser and said concentrator.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a high-pressure compressor in communication with said concentrator for delivering high-pressure air thereto.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a vaporizer loop associated with said first dewar.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a controllable heat leak associated with said first dewar.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a gravity-assisted dispensing mechanism.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein said system further includes said second storage dewar and said second storage dewar is adapted to be filled at a pressure below 20 psig.

10. A method for generating liquid oxygen in a home from a home liquid oxygen ambulatory system having an oxygen concentrator, a condenser, and cryocooler, a storage dewar and means for transferring liquid oxygen from the first dewar to a second dewar, comprising:

(a) generating a gaseous supply of oxygen using the oxygen concentrator;

(b) splitting off at least a portion of the gaseous supply to be liquefied;

(c) cooling said supply of oxygen using the condenser and cryocooler to transform the gaseous oxygen to liquid oxygen;

(d) storing the liquid oxygen in the storage dewar;

(e) transferring the liquid oxygen in the storage dewar with the liquid oxygen transferring means to a second dewar by increasing the pressure in said first dewar for storing a quantity of liquid oxygen from which smaller quantities can he transferred for moveable oxygen treatment.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a heater immersed within the liquid oxygen in said first dewar and transferring the liquid oxygen includes heating the liquid oxygen in said first dewar so that the pressure is increased in said first dewar.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein said first dewar includes an inner vessel in which said liquid oxygen reside, said liquid transferring means includes a heater attached to the outer surface of inner vessel, and transferring the liquid oxygen includes heating the liquid oxygen in said first dewar so that the pressure is increased in said first dewar.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein said condenser is in communication with said concentrator through a line, and said liquid transferring means includes a compressor located in said line between said condenser and said concentrator, and transferring the liquid oxygen includes increasing the pressure of gaseous oxygen entering said condenser and said dewar with said compressor.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a high-pressure compressor in communication with said concentrator for delivering high-pressure air thereto, and transferring the liquid oxygen includes increasing the pressure of gaseous oxygen entering said condenser and said dewar with said compressor.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a vaporizer loop associated with said first dewar, and transferring the liquid oxygen includes heating the liquid oxygen in said first dewar with said vaporizer loop so that the pressure is increased in said first dewar.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a controllable heat leak associated with said first dewar, and transferring the liquid oxygen includes heating the liquid oxygen in said first dewar so that the pressure is increased in said first dewar.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein said liquid transferring means includes a gravity-assisted dispensing mechanism.

18. The method of claim 10, wherein said system further includes said second storage dewar, said second storage dewar is adapted to filled at a pressure below 20 psig.

19. A liquefier for a home liquid oxygen ambulatory system that is resistant to plugging, the home liquid oxygen ambulatory system having an oxygen concentrator for delivering gaseous flow to the liquefier and a storage dewar having an inner vessel for storing liquid oxygen produced by the liquefier, comprising:

a condenser;

a refrigerating mechanism associated with said condenser;

means for communicating incoming gaseous flow from the oxygen concentrator to the condenser, said communicating means having an inner surface with a dimension D;

means for venting gaseous flow not condensed from the inner vessel, said venting means having an outer surface with a dimension d and disposed within said communicating means; and

whereby the dimension D of the inner surface of the communicating means is significantly larger than the dimension d of the outer surface of the venting means to allow for the build-up of solid contaminants on the outer surface of the venting means without plugging up the communicating means.

20. The liquefier of claim 19, wherein said venting means includes a recuperator comprised of a helical coil of tubing, the tubing having said outer surface with a diameter of said dimension d, whereby the incoming gas stream flows over the outer surface of said helical coil of tubing and a vent stream flows inside said helical coil of tubing.

21. The liquefier of claim 20, wherein said outer surface of said helical coil of tubing has a cold surface to freeze out trace impurities of solid contaminants such as H₂O, CO₂ and hydrocarbons.

22. The liquefier of claim 19, wherein said communicating means is comprised of a neck tube having said inner surface with a diameter of said dimension D.

23. The liquefier of claim 19, wherein refrigerating mechanism is integral with the condenser.

24. The liquefier of claim 19, wherein the refrigerating mechanism and condenser are integral with said storage dewar.

25. A method for generating liquid oxygen in a home from a home liquid oxygen ambulatory system having an oxygen concentrator, a condenser, a cryocooler, a recuperator and a storage dewar, comprising:

(a) generating a gaseous supply of oxygen, which includes some trace impurities, using the oxygen concentrator;

(b) splitting off at least a portion of the gaseous supply to be liquefied;

(c) cooling said supply of oxygen using the condenser and cryocooler to transform the gaseous oxygen to liquid oxygen;

(d) condensing less than all of the gaseous oxygen supply flowing into the condenser;

(e) freezing out the trace impurities of the gaseous supply of oxygen and venting the excess gaseous oxygen with said recuperator;

(f) storing the liquid oxygen in the storage dewar; and

(g) periodically removing accumulated frozen impurities on said recuperator by boiling-off any stored liquid oxygen and then flow purging the system until the system has reached room temperature.

26. A generally vertically oriented, gravity assisted condenser for use with a refrigerating mechanism to liquefy gaseous oxygen in a home liquid oxygen ambulatory system, comprising:

a generally vertically oriented tubular member adapted to conduct heat axially to said refrigerating mechanism, the tubular member having a geometric center and outer and inner surfaces, at least one of said outer and inner surfaces having a plurality of generally vertically oriented flutes and convex fins adapted to increase the condensation rate per unit area by thinning the liquid film and drain the condensate to keep the condensate from flooding the condensation surfaces, wherein the flutes and convex fins are circumferentially spaced with respect to each other and not radially aligned with each other relative to the geometric center of the tubular member.

27. The condenser of claim 26, wherein the fins have a hyperbolic cosine profile.

28. The condenser of claim 26, wherein said plurality of generally vertically oriented flutes and convex fins are located on said inner surface.

29. The condenser of claim 26, wherein said plurality of generally vertically oriented flutes and convex fins are located on both said outer and inner surfaces.

30. A generally vertically oriented, gravity assisted condenser for use with a refrigerating mechanism to liquefy gaseous oxygen in a home liquid oxygen ambulatory system, comprising:

a generally vertically oriented tubular member adapted to conduct heat axially to said refrigerating mechanism, the tubular member having outer and inner surfaces, at least one of said outer and inner surfaces includes means for enhancing the condensation rate per unit area by maintaining a small liquid film thickness on the condensation surfaces, said condensation enhancing means including a plurality of generally vertically oriented flutes and convex fins located on both said outer and inner surfaces.