Fabry-Perot laser with wavelength control

• US 6,741,624 B2
• Filed: 06/03/2002
• Issued: 05/25/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 03/05/1999
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Atomera Incorporated
• Original Assignee: R. J. Mears LLC
• Inventors: Mears, Robert J., Cohen, Adam D., Yiptong, Augustin
• Primary Examiner(s): Ip, Paul
• Assistant Examiner(s): Nguyen, Dung T
• Application Number:
  US10/064,002
• Publication Number:
  US 20020196826A1
• Time in Patent Office: 722 Days
• Field of Search: 372/45, 372/43, 359/248, 359/250, 257/13, 257/14
• US Class Current: 372/45.01
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 2006/12107 Grating
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 5/18 Diffraction gratings holographic optical elements G02B5/32, G03H; integrally combined with optical fibres G02B6/02057; for coupling light guides G02B6/34; integrally combined with optical integrated light guides G02B6/12; grating systems G02B27/44
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02057 comprising gratings
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02085 characterised by the grating profile, e.g. chirped, apodised, tilted, helical
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/122 Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/212 Mach-Zehnder type
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/225 in an optical waveguide structure
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/2252 in optical fibres
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/3136 of interferometric switch type
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/3517 using an interferometer
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/3521 using a directional coupler
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 1/3558 Poled materials, e.g. with periodic poling; Fabrication of domain inverted structures, e.g. for quasi-phase-matching [QPM]
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2201/30 grating
• CPC Class Codes: G02F 2201/307 Reflective grating, i.e. Bragg grating
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/1206 having a non constant or multiplicity of periods
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/125 Distributed Bragg reflector [DBR] lasers
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/18361 Structure of the reflectors, e.g. hybrid mirrors

Abstract

A laser device, in particular a semiconductor laser, emitting optical radiation with a defined mode pattern can be produced from a standard Fabry-Perot (FP) laser by post-processing at the wafer level, i.e. before the wafer is separated into individual dies by cleaving/dicing. A sub-cavity is formed within the FP laser cavity. The sub-cavity has a predetermined length and is located between the FP facets. An aperiodic grating composed of a small number of contrast elements, typically less than 10, with predetermined inter-element separations and predetermined spacings relative to the sub-cavity is formed on or in the optical waveguide. The inter-element separations and the spacings relative to the sub-cavity produce a filtering function of the aperiodic grating for optical radiation propagating in the waveguide. The laser device is suitable for telecommunications applications due to its high side-mode-suppression ratio and narrow-linewidth.

Claims

1. A laser device comprising:

a laser cavity comprising an optical waveguide and facets defining first lasing modes;

a sub-cavity within said laser cavity, said sub-cavity having a predetermined length and being located between said facets, said predetermined sub-cavity length defining second lasing modes having a free spectral range (FSR) that is greater than a FSR of the first lasing modes; and

a plurality of contrast elements adjacent said sub-cavity and having predetermined inter-element separations and predetermined spacings relative to said sub-cavity, said contrast elements interacting with said optical waveguide and forming an aperiodic grating to produce a filtering function for optical radiation propagating in said optical waveguide.

2. The laser device of claim 1, wherein said sub-cavity length is defined by at least two discontinuities extending into said optical waveguide.

3. The laser device of claim 2, wherein said at least two discontinuities are implemented in the form of trenches.

4. The laser device of claim 2, wherein said at least two discontinuities are implemented in the form of cleaves.

5. The laser device of claim 1, wherein said contrast elements comprise regions having an index of refraction that is different from an index of refraction of the waveguide.

6. The laser device of claim 1, wherein said waveguide includes an upper cladding layer, and wherein said contrast elements comprise regions having an index of refraction that is different from an index of refraction of the upper cladding layer.

7. The laser device of claim 1, wherein said filtering function causes the laser device to emit laser radiation having at least one defined mode.

8. The laser device of claim 7, wherein said emitted laser radiation is single-mode.

9. The laser device of claim 1, further including a contact layer disposed at least over the length of the sub-cavity.

10. The laser device of claim 1, wherein said facets are anti-reflection coated.

11. The laser device of claim 1, wherein at least one of said facets is implemented as an inclined facet that directs the optical radiation propagating in the waveguide in a direction substantially normal to the waveguide.

12. The laser device of claim 1, wherein at least one of said facets is disposed opposite to a reflecting facet that directs the optical radiation propagating in the waveguide in a direction substantially normal to the waveguide.

13. Method of producing optical radiation with a desired mode structure, comprising:

producing an optical waveguide capable of propagating said optical radiation;

forming in said optical waveguide a sub-cavity with a predetermined length, said sub-cavity producing a sub-cavity mode structure that overlaps with the desired mode structure; and

forming along said optical waveguide an aperiodic filter having contrast elements, said aperiodic filter filtering the sub-cavity mode structure to generate the desired mode structure, by the acts of;

defining a cost function representing a goodness of fit between the desired mode structure and an actual spectral response of the filter;

assigning to each contrast element of the aperiodic filter at least one characteristic attribute;

generating an initial arrangement of the contrast elements along the optical waveguide;

iteratively modifying at least one characteristic attribute of at least one of the contrast elements and computing for each iteration a cost function;

if the computed cost function for an iteration is less than a predetermined cost function value, selecting a corresponding arrangement of the contrast elements as a desired arrangement of the contrast elements to provide said desired mode structure.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein said optimal arrangement of the contrast elements defines a spatial layout of said contrast elements relative to one another and relative to said sub-cavity.

15. The method of claim 13, further comprising defining facet locations along said optical waveguide, said facet locations defining Fabry-Perot modes, and locating said sub-cavity and said optimally arranged contrast elements between said facet locations.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein said sub-cavity mode structure has a free spectral range (FSR) that is greater than a FSR of the Fabry-Perot modes.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein a distance between said facet locations, on one hand, and said sub-cavity and said optimally arranged contrast elements, on the other hand, is defined only approximately.

18. The method of claim 13, wherein said characteristic attribute is a physical dimension of a contrast element.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein said physical dimension is at least one of a width and a height of the contrast element.

20. The method of claim 13, wherein said characteristic attribute is a refractive index of a contrast element.

21. The method of claim 13, wherein said characteristic attribute is a spacing between adjacent contrast elements.

22. A laser device comprising:

a laser cavity comprising an optical waveguide and facets;

a sub-cavity within said laser cavity and between said facets; and

a plurality of contrast elements adjacent said sub-cavity and having predetermined inter-element separations and predetermined spacings relative to said sub-cavity so that said contrast elements interact with said optical waveguide and form an aperiodic grating to produce a filtering function for optical radiation propagating in said optical waveguide.

23. The laser device of claim 22, wherein said sub-cavity length is defined by at least two discontinuities extending into said optical waveguide.

24. The laser device of claim 22, wherein said contrast elements comprise regions having an index of refraction that is different from an index of refraction of the waveguide.

25. The laser device of claim 22, wherein said waveguide includes an upper cladding layer, and wherein said contrast elements comprise regions having an index of refraction that is different from an index of refraction of the upper cladding layer.

26. The laser device of claim 22, further including a contact layer disposed at least over the length of the sub-cavity.

27. A method for making a laser device comprising:

forming a sub-cavity within a laser cavity and between facets thereof; and

forming a plurality of contrast elements adjacent said sub-cavity and having predetermined inter-element separations and predetermined spacings relative to said sub-cavity so that said contrast elements interact with said optical waveguide and form an aperiodic grating to produce a filtering function for optical radiation propagating in said optical waveguide.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein said sub-cavity length is formed by extending at least two discontinuities into said optical waveguide.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein forming said contrast elements comprises forming regions having an index of refraction that is different from an index of refraction of the waveguide.

30. The method of claim 27, wherein said waveguide includes an upper cladding layer, and wherein forming said contrast elements comprises forming regions having an index of refraction that is different from an index of refraction of the upper cladding layer.

31. The method of claim 27, further comprising forming a contact layer disposed at least over the length of the sub-cavity.