Authentication system and method

• US 6,744,909 B1
• Filed: 08/19/1999
• Issued: 06/01/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 08/19/1999
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Intellisense Systems, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Physical Optics Corporation
• Inventors: Jannson, Tomasz P., Jannson, Joanna L., Kostrzewski, Andrew A., Savant, Gajendra D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Patel, Jayanti K.
• Assistant Examiner(s): CHAWAN, SHEELA C
• Application Number:
  US09/377,257
• Time in Patent Office: 1,748 Days
• Field of Search: 382/115, 382/116, 382/124, 382/211, 382/210, 382/278, 382/156, 382/212, 382/218, 382/1, 359/11, 359/3, 359/29, 359/15, 359/561, 359/368, 359/125, 359/559, 359/558, 359/34, 359/577, 369/112.01, 356/71, 356/301, 356/300, 356/347
• US Class Current: 382/115
• CPC Class Codes: G06E 3/001 Analogue devices in which mathematical operations are carried out with the aid of optical or electro-optical elements optical elements per se G02B; devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components, including light sensitive semiconductor components, formed in or on a common substrate H01L27/14; electro-, magneto- or acousto-optics, non-linear optics G02F1/00; graph reading G06K11/00
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/086 with markings consisting of randomly placed or oriented elements, the randomness of the elements being useable for generating a unique identifying signature of the record carrier, e.g. randomly placed magnetic fibers or magnetic particles in the body of a credit card
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 10/895 the filter being related to phase processing, e.g. phase-only filters
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 10/92 using spatial domain filters, e.g. joint transform correlators

Abstract

An authentication system using a correlator that correlates an input with a reference wherein at least one of the input and reference comprises a phase volume mask having structures, preferably points, that are each less than about six microns in size and can have an aspect ratio (AR) greater than 1:1 so as to produce a phase encoded random pattern having millions of combinations in a mask that is as small as one square millimeter. The random pattern can be convolved with a second pattern, such as a biometric pattern, to produce a phase convolved mask. The correlator preferably is a nonlinear joint transform correlator that can use “chirp” encoding to permit the input to be located in a different plane than the reference. The correlator optically Fourier transforms images of the reference and input that are thereafter nonlinearly transformed and inverse Fourier transformed by a processor to determine the presence or absence of a correlation spike indicative of authenticity. A spatial light modulator (SLM) can be used as an input or reference and preferably is a liquid crystal panel having pixels or elements whose phase or grey scale intensity can be selectively controlled by a processor. The SLM can be used to display a biometric pattern, preferably scanned in real time from a person, that is correlated against an input or reference that can comprise a label on a card, a tag, or another object.

Claims

1. An authentication system comprising:

an input carried by an object;

a reference against which the input is correlated; and

a correlator that correlates the input against the reference to verify whether the input is authentic;

wherein one of the input and the reference comprises a phase volume mask having a plurality of pairs of phase volume structures;

wherein each of the structures has an aspect ratio of height to width of at least 1;

1.

2. The authentication system of claim 1 wherein at least a plurality of the structures each has an aspect ratio of at least about 2:

1.

3. The authentication system of claim 1 further comprising a protective layer covering each structure.

4. The authentication system of claim 3 wherein the protective layer is harder than the structures.

5. The authentication system of claim 4 wherein the protective layer is comprised of diamonds, diamond dust, or a diamond-like material.

6. The authentication system of claim 4 wherein the protective layer is comprised of a reflective material.

7. The authentication system of claim 6 wherein the reflective material is comprised of aluminum.

8. The authentication system of claim 3 further comprising a filler overlying each of the structures.

9. The authentication system of claim 8 wherein the filler covers the protective layer.

10. The authentication system of claim 8 wherein the filler is comprised of a low refractive index material that is not transparent to X-ray radiation.

11. The authentication system of claim 10 wherein the filler is comprised of a material that impedes at least 60% of X-ray radiation and radiation having a wavelength of no greater than about 18.4 nanometers from passing through it and reaching the structures.

12. The authentication system of claim 11 wherein the filler material is comprised of a low refractive index epoxy.

13. The authentication system of claim 12 wherein the epoxy has a refractive index no greater than about 1.58.

14. The authentication system of claim 1 wherein the structures of the phase volume mask are arranged in a pseudo-random pattern comprised of 1) a random pattern and 2) predetermined pattern.

15. The authentication system of claim 14 wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a biometric pattern.

16. The authentication system of claim 15 wherein the biometric pattern comprises a fingerprint, retina pattern, a voiceprint, or a facial image.

17. The authentication system of claim 14 wherein the predetermined pattern comprises a non-biometric pattern that is not random.

18. The authentication system of claim 17 wherein the predetermined pattern is convolved with the random pattern to form the pseudo-random pattern.

19. The authentication system of claim 18 wherein the mask comprises a phase convolved mask.

20. The authentication system of claim 1 wherein the correlator comprises an optical processor and a computer processor interfaced with the optical processor by an energy recording device.

21. The authentication system of claim 20 wherein the optical processor comprises a source of light and a Fourier lens wherein the input and the reference are disposed optically between the source of light and the Fourier lens.

22. The authentication system of claim 21 wherein the input and the reference are located in different planes.

23. The authentication system of claim 22 further comprising means for resolving a quadratic term in a Fourier interference pattern that arises when a signal of the reference and a signal of the input are transformed by the Fourier lens.

24. The authentication system of claim 1 wherein the correlator comprises a light source, a Fourier lens, an energy recording device, an image capturing device connected to the energy recording device, a processor connected to the image capturing device, and wherein 1) the input and the reference are located optically between the light source and the Fourier lens such that a joint power spectrum having a Fourier interference pattern is produced when the light source illuminates the reference and the input, and 2) the processor is configured to i) nonlinearly transform the interference pattern, ii) inverse Fourier transform the nonlinearly transformed interference pattern, and iii) determine whether a correlation peak is produced from the nonlinearly transformed, inverse Fourier transformed interference pattern.

25. The authentication system of claim 24 wherein the processor comprises a digital signal processor.

26. The authentication system of claim 25 wherein the digital signal processor is part of a digital signal processing engine made up of a plurality of digital signal processors.

27. The authentication system of claim 26 further comprising a computer having at least one processor wherein the digital signal processing engine is connected to the computer.

28. The authentication system of claim 24 wherein 1) the input produces an input signal when illuminated, 2) the reference produces a reference signal when illuminated, 3) the input and reference do not lie on a common plane and 4) the processor is configured to resolve a quadratic term that arises in the interference pattern because the input and reference do not lie on a common plane.

29. The authentication system of claim 24 wherein 1) the input produces an input signal when illuminated, 2) the reference produces a reference signal when illuminated, 3) the input and the reference are disposed at an acute angle relative to each other and 4) the processor is configured to normalize the reference signal and the input signal to make the correlator invariant to the angle between the input and the reference.

44. The authentication system of claim 2 wherein the structures are arranged in a pattern and each of the structures and the pattern are both invisible to the eye.

30. An authentication system comprising:

an input carried by an object;

a reference against which the input is correlated; and

a correlator that correlates the input against the reference to verify whether the input is authentic;

wherein one of the input and the reference comprises a phase volume mask having a plurality of pairs of phase volume structures;

wherein each structure has a size no greater than six microns.

31. The authentication system of claim 30 wherein each structure has a size no greater than about one micron.

32. The authentication system of claim 30 wherein the structure are arranged in a random pattern.

33. The authentication system of claim 32 wherein the random pattern comprises a stochastic random pattern.

34. The authentication system of claim 33 wherein the stochastic random pattern comprises a speckle pattern.

35. The authentication system of claim 30 further comprising:

a door;

a processor operably connected to the correlator for determining whether the input is authentic;

an electronic door opening mechanism operably connected to the processor that

     1) permits the door to be opened if the input is determined by the processor to be authentic and

     2) does not permit the door to be opened if the input is determined by the processor to be not authentic.

36. The authentication system of claim 35 wherein the electronic door opening mechanism comprises an electronic lock that is 1) unlocked if the input is determined to be authentic and 2) locked if the input is determined to be not authentic.

37. An authentication system comprising:

an input carried by an object;

a reference against which the input is correlated; and

a correlator that correlates the input against the reference to verify whether the input is authentic;

wherein one of the input and the reference comprises a phase volume mask having a plurality of pairs of phase volume structures;

wherein the mask has at least about one hundred million structures per square centimeter of mask surface area.

38. An authentication system comprising:

an input carried by an object;

a reference against which the input is correlated; and

a correlator that correlates the input against the reference to verify whether the input is authentic;

wherein one of the input and the reference comprises a phase volume mask having a plurality of pairs of Phase volume structures;

wherein the volume phase mask comprises a laminate having a protective layer disposed between the structures and an outer filler that overlies the structures, and wherein each of the structures is no greater than about six microns in size and has an aspect ratio greater than 1;

1.

39. The authentication system of claim 38 wherein the phase volume mask comprises a replicated mask having structures comprised of a material having molecules with a molecular weight distribution that varies no more than about 20%.

40. The authentication system of claim 38 wherein the phase volume mask comprises a replicated mask having structures comprised of a material having a) a plurality of pairs of ester and carboxyl groups, b) a plurality of pairs of long polymer chain structures, c) a plurality of pairs of carbon chains each having a saturated carbon, d) a plurality of pairs of alkene functional groups, and e) a plurality of pairs of benzyl functional groups.

41. The authentication system of claim 40 wherein the structures of the mask are comprised of polyvinylcinnimate.

42. The authentication system of claim 38 wherein the phase volume mask comprises a replicated mask having structures comprised of an ultraviolet light-curable material.

43. The authentication system of claim 42 wherein the phase volume mask comprises a replicated mask having structures comprised of an ultraviolet light-curable epoxy.

45. An authentication system comprising:

an input carried by an object;

a reference against which the input is correlated; and

a correlator that correlates the input against the reference to verify whether the input is authentic;

wherein the input comprises a phase volume mask having a plurality of pairs of structures that each are no larger than six microns and that each have an aspect ratio greater than 2;

1 and wherein the phase volume mask comprises a label that is adhesively attached to the object.

46. The authentications system of claim 45 wherein the object comprises a card or a tag.

47. An authentication system comprising:

an input carried by an object;

a reference against which the input is correlated; and

a correlator that correlates the input against the reference to verify whether the input is authentic;

wherein the correlator comprises an optical processor and a computer processor interfaced with the optical processor by an energy recording device;

wherein the optical processor comprises a source of light and a Fourier lens wherein the input and the reference are disposed optically between the source of light and the Fourier lens;

wherein the energy recording device has a plurality of recording elements that each have a size no greater than about 6 μ

m for being able to record a Fourier interference pattern produced by submicron size structures of at least one of the input and the reference.

48. The authentication system of claim 47 further comprising a magnifying lens disposed optically between the recording elements of the recording device and the Fourier lens for magnifying the Fourier interference pattern.

49. An authentication system comprising:

an input carried by an object;

a reference against which the input is correlated; and

a correlator that correlates the input against the reference to verify whether the input is authentic;

wherein the correlator comprises;

a housing having a generally U-shaped light tunnel that includes a first leg, a middle leg, and a last leg;

a light source in light communication with the first leg;

a pair of aperture windows located at one end of the first leg with one of the aperture windows for receiving the input and the other of the aperture windows for receiving the reference wherein the aperture windows are spaced apart so as to space the input a distance from the reference;

a beam splitter disposed in the first leg optically between the light source and the aperture windows;

a collimating lens disposed in the first leg optically between the beam splitter and the light source;

a mirror disposed in the second leg;

a Fourier lens disposed in the second leg optically between the beam splitter and the mirror; and

an energy recording device disposed in the last leg.

50. The authentication system of claim 49 wherein the correlator is of compact construction such that its housing has a thickness no greater than about 1.625 inches, a width no greater than about 7 inches, and a length no greater than about 10 inches.

51. An authentication system comprising:

an input carried by an object;

a reference against which the input is correlated; and

wherein at least one of the input and the reference comprises a phase volume mask having at least about one hundred million phase structures per square centimeter arranged in a pattern with each phase structure being no greater than about six microns in size and having an aspect ratio of at least 2;

1; and

a correlator that correlates the input against the reference to verify whether the input is authentic comprising a source of light that illuminates the input and the reference such that an input signal representative of the pattern phase encoded in the input and a reference signal representative of the pattern phase encoded in the input is produced, a Fourier lens for Fourier transforming the input signal and the reference signal to produce a joint power transform having an interference pattern, an energy recording device that records the interference pattern, a computer that analyzes the recorded interference pattern by nonlinearly transforming and inverse Fourier transforming the recorded pattern to ascertain the presence or absence of a correlation spot that indicates whether the input is authentic.

52. The authentication system of claim 51 wherein the pattern comprises a random pattern.

53. The authentication system of claim 52 wherein the random pattern comprises a random stochastic pattern.

54. The authentication system of claim 51 wherein each phase structure is no greater than about one micron in size.

55. A method of authenticating an input against a reference comprising:

a) providing an input and a reference with at least one of the input and the reference comprising a phase volume mask having a plurality of pairs of phase structures each having a size no greater than about six microns and an aspect ratio of at least 2;

1, a correlator having a light source, a Fourier lens, an energy recording device, and a computer operably connected to the recording device;

b) illuminating the input and reference to obtain an input signal from the input and a reference signal from the reference;

c) Fourier transforming the input signal and the reference signal;

d) recording the Fourier transformed input signal and reference signal as a joint power spectrum image;

e) nonlinearly transforming the recorded joint power spectrum image;

f) inverse Fourier transforming the recorded joint power spectrum image; and

g) determining whether a correlation peak is present.

56. The authentication method of claim 55 wherein the input and reference lie on different planes and the step further comprising resolving a quadratic term that arises in the recorded image after it has been inverse Fourier transformed in step f).

57. The authentication method of claim 55 wherein the input is acutely angled relative to the reference and comprising the additional steps of 1) performing a circular correlation between the input signal and the reference signal, and 2) normalizing the input signal and the reference signal to thereby make the input signal and reference signal invariant to angular rotation.

58. The authentication method of claim 55 comprising the additional step of nonlinear thresholding the joint power spectrum to make determining whether the input is authentic illumination independent.