Left handed composite media

• US 6,791,432 B2
• Filed: 03/16/2001
• Issued: 09/14/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 03/17/2000
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Original Assignee: Regents of the University of California (University of California)
• Inventors: Smith, David, Schultz, Sheldon, Shelby, Richard A., Kroll, Norman
• Primary Examiner(s): Lee, Benny T.
• Application Number:
  US09/811,376
• Publication Number:
  US 20010038325A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,278 Days
• Field of Search: 252/582, 333/99.R, 333/99.S, 333/219, 343/909
• US Class Current: 333/99.00S
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/364 using a particular conducting material, e.g. superconductor
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 15/0086 said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 3/44 varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/12007 Component of composite having metal continuous phase interengaged with nonmetal continuous phase

Abstract

Composite media having simultaneous negative effective permittivity and permeability over a common band of frequencies. A composite media of the invention combines media, which are either themselves separately composite or continuous media, having a negative permittivity and a negative permeability over a common frequency band. Various forms of separate composite and continuous media may be relied upon in the invention. A preferred composite media includes a periodic array of conducting elements that can behave as an effective medium for electromagnetic scattering when the wavelength is much longer than both the element dimension and lattice spacing. The composite media has an effective permittivity ε_eff(ω) and permeability μ_eff(ω) which are simultaneously negative over a common set of frequencies. Either one or both of the negative permeability and negative permittivity media used in the invention may be modulable via external or internal stimulus. Additionally, the medium or a portion thereof may contain other media that have medium electromagnetic parameters that can be modulated. The frequency position, bandwidth, and other properties of the left-handed propagation band can then be altered, for example, by an applied field or other stimulus. Another possibility is the use of a substrate which responds to external or internal stimulus.

Claims

1. A medium operable to have at least one frequency band in which both effective permeability and effective permittivity are negative simultaneously, the medium comprising:

a negative permeability medium; and

a negative permittivity medium spatially combined with said negative permeability medium to form the composite medium having a frequency band in which both effective permeability and effective permittivity are negative.

2. The composite left-handed material according to claim 1 wherein elements forming the negative permittivity composite medium are superconducting.

3. The medium of claim 1, wherein both the effective permittivity and the effective permeability have the value −

1 at some frequency.

4. The medium of claim 1, wherein said negative permittivity medium comprises a composite medium of elements which collectively exhibit a negative permittivity over at least one band of frequencies.

5. The medium of claim 1, wherein said negative permeability medium comprises a composite medium of elements which collectively exhibit a negative permeability over at least one band of frequencies.

6. The medium of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the medium may be modulated.

7. The medium of claim 6, wherein said at least a portion of the medium exhibits a nonlinear modulation response.

8. The medium of claim 7, wherein said at least a portion of the medium responds to an electric field.

9. The medium of claim 6, wherein said at least a portion of the medium is operable to be modulated between a left-handed and right-handed medium.

10. The medium of claim 6, wherein said at least a portion of the medium is operable to be modulated between a propagating and non-propagating medium.

11. The medium of claim 6, wherein said negative permittivity medium comprises a modulable permittivity medium spatially combined with said negative permeability medium, the modulable permittivity medium responding to one or more stimuli to be internally modulable or externally modulable between one value of a negative permittivity and another value of a negative permittivity.

12. The modulable permirtivity medium of claim 11, wherein the modulable permittivity medium transmits a selected band of frequencies at one value of modulable permittivity, and transmits another selected band of frequencies at another value of modulable permittivity.

13. The medium of claim 6, wherein said negative permittivity medium comprises a modulable permittivity medium spatially combined with said negative permeability medium, the modulable permittivity medium responding to one or more stimuli to be internally modulable or externally modulable between a negative permittivity and a positive permittivity, to form with the negative permeability, when switched to a positive permittivity, a non-propagating composite medium.

14. The medium of claim 6, wherein said negative permeability medium comprises a modulable permeability medium spatially combined with said negative permittivity medium, the modulable permeability medium responding to one or more stimuli to be internally modulable or externally modulable between one value of a negative permeability and another value of negative permeability.

15. The modulable permittivity medium of claim 14, wherein the modulable permeability medium transmits a selected band of frequencies at one value of modulable permeability, and transmits another selected band of frequencies at another value of modulable permeability.

16. The medium of claim 6, wherein said modulation comprises modulation of said permeability medium and said permeability medium modulates in response to an external stimulus.

17. The medium of claim 6, wherein said negative permeability medium comprises a modulable permeability medium spatially combined with said negative permittivity medium, the modulable permeability medium responding to one or more stimuli to be internally modulable or externally modulable between a negative permeability and a positive permeability, to form with the negative permittivity medium, when switched to a positive permeability, a non-propagating composite medium.

18. The medium of claim 6, wherein said medium includes an element to internally stimulate modulation of said permittivity medium.

19. The medium of claim 6, wherein said medium includes an element to internally stimulate modulation of said permeability medium.

20. The medium of claim 6, wherein said modulation comprises modulation of said permittivity medium and said permittivity medium modulates in response to an external stimulus.

21. The medium of claim 1, wherein said negative permittivity medium comprises a gas plasma which may be modulated.

22. A left handed composite medium having a frequency band in which both effective permeability and effective permittivity are negative simultaneously, the left handed composite medium comprising:

a supporting substrate;

a first array of elements, each element of which contributes with other elements of said first array to define a negative permeability composite medium having a negative permeability over a band of frequencies in said frequency band; and

a second array of elements arranged;

with said, negative permittivity composite medium by said substrate, each of said elements of said second array contributing with other elements of said second array to define a negative permittivity composite medium, the combination of said negative permeability composite medium and said negative permittivity composite medium defining a composite effective medium having a negative permittivity and a negative permeability over at least one common band of frequencies.

23. The left handed composite medium of claim 22, wherein said substrate comprises magnetostrictive medium.

24. The left handed medium of claim 22, wherein said negative permeability composite medium comprises arrays of solenoidal resonator conductive elements.

25. The left handed medium of claim 22, wherein said negative permeability composite medium comprises arrays of split ring resonator conductive elements.

26. The left handed composite medium of claim 25, wherein each said split ring conductive element comprises a split rectangular conducting resonator.

27. The left handed medium of claim 22, wherein said negative permeability composite medium compnses arrays of “

G”

shape conductive elements.

28. The left handed medium of claim 22, wherein said negative permeability composite medium comprises arrays of Swiss roll shape resonator conductive elements.

29. The left handed medium of claim 22, wherein said negative permeability composite medium comprises arrays of spiral shape resonator conductive elements.

30. The left handed medium of claim 22, wherein said negative permittivity composite medium comprises a low resistance conducting path arranged adjacent to a corresponding solenoidal resonator conductive element and perpendicular to the axis of the corresponding solenoidal resonator conductive element.

31. The left handed medium of claim 22, wherein eaeh said negative permittivity composite medium comprises a conducting wire arranged adjacent to a corresponding solenoidal resonator conductive element and perpendicular to the axis of the corresponding solenoidal resonator conductive element.

32. The left handed medium of claim 22 wherein said negative permittivity composite medium comprises a conducting path defined by a confined plasma arranged adjacent to a corresponding solenoidal resonator conductive element and perpendicular to the axis of the corresponding solenoidal resonator conductive element.

33. The left-handed composite medium of claim 22, wherein eaeh said negative permittivity composite medium comprises a conducting path defined by a confined plasma arranged adjacent to a corresponding solenoidal resonator conductive element.

34. The left handed composite medium of claim 22, wherein said substrate comprises a piezoelectric medium.

35. A left handed composite medium having a frequency band in which both effective permeability and effective permittivity are negative simultaneously, the left handed composite medium comprising:

a plurality of adjacent units;

one of more split conductive element resonators disposed in each said plurality of adjacent units, said split conductive element resonators defined by two concentric conductive elements of thin metal sheets with a gap between the two concentric conductive elements and a break in continuity of each of said two conductive elements; and

one or more conducting wires disposed in each of said plurality of adjacent units, each wire parallel to a plane of each said split conductive element resonators disposed in each of said plurality of adjacent units;

wherein

said split conductive element resonators and said conducting wires having a common frequency band over which there is simultaneous negative effective permeability and permittivity.

36. The left handed medium of claim 35, wherein said concentric conductive elements comprise concentric split rectangular elements.

37. The left handed medium according to claim 35, wherein said concentric conductive elements comprise concentric split rings.

38. The left handed medium according to claim 35, wherein each of said adjacent units not on an outer edge of said medium includes two sections of orthogonal substrate, each of said two sections including one of said concentric conductive elements on a surface thereof, and each having an associated conducting wire.

39. The left handed medium according to claim 38, wherein multiple concentric conductive elements are linearly arranged in series on each of said two sections of each of said adjacent units not on an outer edge of said medium.

40. The left handed medium according to claim 39, wherein multiple concentric conductive elements are linearly arranged in series on each of said two sections of each of said adjacent units not on an outer edge of said medium.

41. The medium of claim 40, wherein means are introduced that permit adiabatic absorption along any direction of propagation within said left handed medium.

42. The medium of claim 41, wherein means are introduced that permit adiabatic absorption along any direction of propagation within left handed medium.