Reconfigurable electromagnetic plasma waveguide used as a phase shifter and a horn antenna

• US 6,812,895 B2
• Filed: 02/21/2001
• Issued: 11/02/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 04/05/2000
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Markland Technologies, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Markland Technologies, Inc.
• Inventors: Anderson, Ted, Alexeff, Igor
• Primary Examiner(s): Lee, Benny T.
• Application Number:
  US09/790,327
• Publication Number:
  US 20010033207A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,350 Days
• Field of Search: 333/99.PL, 333/157, 343/701, 343/786
• US Class Current: 343/701
• CPC Class Codes: H01P 3/00 Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type
• CPC Class Codes: H01P 3/06 Coaxial lines
• CPC Class Codes: H01P 3/12 Hollow waveguides H01P3/20 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/366 using an ionized gas
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/38 formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support patch antennas H01Q9/0407; microstrip dipole antennas H01Q9/065; microstrip slot antennas H01Q13/106; transmission line microstrip antennas H01Q13/206; manufacturing reflecting surfaces using insulating material for supporting the reflecting surface H01Q15/142
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 9/26 with folded element or elements, the folded parts being spaced apart a small fraction of operating wavelength resonant loop antennas H01Q7/00
• CPC Class Codes: H05H 1/46 using applied electromagnetic fields, e.g. high frequency or microwave energy H05H1/26 takes precedence

Abstract

Phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguides and plasma electromagnetic coaxial waveguides, as well as plasma waveguide horn antennas, each of which can be reconfigurable, durable, stealth, and flexible are disclosed. Optionally, an energy modifying medium to reconfigure the waveguide such that electromagnetic waves of various wavelengths or speeds can be propagated directionally along the path can be used. Similarly, these waveguides may be modified into coaxial configurations.

Claims

1. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide, comprising:

a) an elongated non-conductive enclosure defining a propagation path therein for directional electromagnetic wave propagation, wherein a metal sleeve does not surround the enclosure;

b) a composition contained within the enclosure capable of forming a plasma, said plasma when formed having a skin depth along a surface within the enclosure such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth and are primarily propagated directionally along the path;

c) an energy source for energizing the composition to form the plasma;

d) an energy modifying medium to modify the density of the plasma such that electromagnetic waves of various speeds may be propagated directionally along the path; and

e) a discontinuity in the waveguide such that said electromagnetic waves may be radiated.

2. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 1 wherein the discontinuity is provided by a structural discontinuity of the enclosure.

3. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 1 wherein the discontinuity is created by a change in impedance along the propagation path.

4. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 1 wherein the discontinuity is created by a change in skin depth along the propagation path.

56. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 4 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path and the energy modifying medium also alters the plasma pressure within the flexible enclosure thereby causing deformation of the enclosure.

5. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide, comprising:

a) an elongated non-conductive enclosure defining a propagation path therein for directional electromagnetic wave propagation, wherein a metal sleeve does not surround the enclosure;

b) a composition contained within the enclosure capable of forming a plasma, said plasma when formed having a skin depth along a surface within the enclosure such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth and are primarily propagated directionally along the path;

c) an energy source for energizing the composition to form the plasma;

d) an energy modifying medium to modify the density of the plasma such that electromagnetic waves of various speeds may be propagated directionally along the path, wherein the energy modifying medium also alters the skin depth of the plasma.

6. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 5 wherein the electromagnetic waves are continuous waves.

7. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 5 wherein the electromagnetic waves are short-pulse waves.

8. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 5 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path and the energy modifying medium also alters the plasma pressure within the flexible enclosure thereby causing deformation of the enclosure.

9. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 5 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path.

10. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 5 wherein the composition is a gas selected from the group consisting of neon, xenon, argon, krypton, hydrogen, helium, mercury vapor, and combinations thereof.

11. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 5 wherein the energy source comprises a pair of electrodes in electromagnetic contact with the composition.

12. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 11 wherein the pair of electrodes are an anode and a cathode positioned at opposite ends of the path.

13. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 5 wherein the energy source is selected from the group consisting of fiber optics, lasers, and electromagnetic couplers electromagnetically coupled to the composition.

14. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide, comprising:

a) an elongated non-conductive enclosure defining a propagation path therein for directional electromagnetic wave propagation, wherein a metal sleeve does not surround the enclosure;

b) a composition contained within the enclosure capable of forming a plasma, said plasma when formed having a skin depth along a surface within the enclosure such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth and are primarily propagated directionally along the path;

c) an energy source for energizing the composition to form the plasma; and

d) an energy modifying medium to modify the density of the plasma such that electromagnetic waves of various speeds may be propagated directionally along the path,

wherein said enclosure further comprises a first open end and a second open end, said first open end and said second open end being connected by a channel, said channel being configured along the direction of wave propagation such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth and travel within the channel.

15. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 14 further comprising a second elongated non-conductive enclosure positioned within the channel, said second enclosure containing a second composition capable of forming a second plasma, thus forming a plasma coaxial waveguide.

16. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 15 wherein the electromagnetic waves traveling along the plasma coaxial waveguide are continuous waves.

17. The electromagnetic waveguide of claim 15 wherein said second plasma has a skin depth along a surface of the second enclosure such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth within the second enclosure and travel within the channel.

18. The electromagnetic waveguide of claim 15 wherein a single energy source is used to energize the respective composition to thereby form the corresponding plasma within the enclosure and the second enclosure.

19. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 14 wherein the electromagnetic waves are short-pulse waves.

20. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 14 wherein the electromagnetic waves are continuous waves.

21. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 14 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path.

22. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 14 wherein the composition is a gas selected from the group consisting of neon, xenon, argon, krypton, hydrogen, helium, mercury vapor, and combinations thereof.

23. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 14 wherein the energy source comprises a pair of electrodes in electromagnetic contact with the composition.

24. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 23 wherein the pair of electrodes are an anode and a cathode positioned at opposite ends of the path.

25. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 14 wherein the energy source is selected from the group consisting of fiber optics, lasers, and electromagnetic couplers electromagnetically coupled to the composition.

26. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 14 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path and the energy modifying medium also alters the plasma pressure within the flexible enclosure thereby causing deformation of the enclosure.

27. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna comprising:

a) an elongated non-conductive enclosure defining a propagation path for directional electromagnetic wave propagation;

b) a horn antenna structure electromagnetically coupled to the enclosure for emitting electromagnetic waves;

c) a composition contained within the elongated enclosure capable of forming a plasma, said plasma when formed having a skin depth along a surface within the enclosure such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth and are primarily propagated directionally along the path in the direction of the horn antenna; and

d) an energy source for energizing the composition to form the plasma.

28. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 wherein the horn antenna comprises an opening that is fluidly connected to the enclosure such that the composition is within both the enclosure and the horn antenna.

29. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 28 wherein the composition is a gas selected from the group consisting of neon, xenon, argon, krypton, hydrogen, helium, mercury vapor, and combinations thereof.

30. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 28 wherein the plasma of the horn antenna and the plasma of the elongated enclosure are in fluid communication.

31. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 wherein the horn antenna is selected from the group consisting of E-plane horns, H-plane horns, pyramidal horns, corrugated horns, aperture-matched horns, multimode horns, dielectric-loaded horns, monopulse horns, and phase center horns.

32. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 further comprising a signal generator in electrical contact with the plasma for generating electromagnetic waves to be propagated along the path and toward the horn.

33. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 the electromagnetic waves produced by the signal generator also act as the energy source used to generate the plasma.

34. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 wherein said elongated enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path.

35. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 wherein the composition is a gas selected from the group consisting of neon, xenon, argon, krypton, hydrogen, helium, mercury vapor, and combinations thereof.

36. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 wherein the energy source is selected from the group consisting of electrodes, fiber optics, lasers, electromagnetic couplers, and high frequency signal generating sources.

37. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 further comprising an energy modifying medium to modify the density of the plasma such that electromagnetic waves of various speeds and wavelengths may be propagated directionally along the path toward the horn antenna.

38. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 37 wherein the energy modifying medium also alters the skin depth of the plasma.

39. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 wherein the electromagnetic waves are continuous waves.

40. A plasma electromagnetic waveguide horn antenna as in claim 27 wherein the electromagnetic waves are short-pulse waves.

41. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide, comprising:

a) an elongated non-conductive enclosure defining a propagation path therein for directional electromagnetic wave propagation, wherein a metal sleeve does not surround the enclosure;

b) a composition contained within the enclosure capable of forming a plasma, said plasma when formed having a skin depth along a surface within the enclosure such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth and are primarily propagated directionally along the path;

c) an energy source for energizing the composition to form the plasma;

d) an energy modifying medium to modify the density of the plasma such that electromagnetic waves of various speeds may be propagated directionally along the path;

e) a signal generator in electrical contact with the plasma for generating electromagnetic waves to be propagated along the path; and

f) a signal receiver in electrical contact with the plasma for receiving the electromagnetic waves generated by the signal generator and propagated along the path, wherein the signal generator and the signal receiver are positioned at opposite ends of the enclosure along the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation.

42. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 41 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path.

43. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 41 wherein the composition is a gas selected from the group consisting of neon, xenon, argon, krypton, hydrogen, helium, mercury vapor, and combinations thereof.

44. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 41 wherein the energy source comprises a pair of electrodes in electromagnetic contact with the composition.

45. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 44 wherein the pair of electrodes are an anode and a cathode positioned at opposite ends of the path.

46. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 41 wherein the energy source is selected from the group consisting of fiber optics, lasers, and electromagnetic couplers electromagnetically coupled to the composition.

47. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 41 wherein the energy modifying medium also alters the density of the plasma.

48. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 41 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path and the energy modifying medium also alters the plasma pressure within the flexible enclosure thereby causing deformation of the enclosure.

49. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 41 wherein the electromagnetic waves are continuous waves.

50. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 41 wherein the electromagnetic waves are short-pulse waves.

51. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide, comprising:

a) an elongated non-conductive enclosure defining a propagation path therein for directional electromagnetic wave propagation, wherein a metal sleeve does not surround the enclosure;

b) a composition contained within the enclosure capable of forming a plasma, said plasma when formed having a skin depth along a surface within the enclosure such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth and are primarily propagated directionally along the path;

c) an energy source for energizing the composition to form the plasma;

d) an energy modifying medium to modify the density of the plasma such that electromagnetic waves of various speeds may be propagated directionally along the path; and

e) a signal generator in electrical contact with the plasma for generating electromagnetic waves to be propagated along the path, wherein the electromagnetic waves produced by the signal generator also act as the energy source used to generate the plasma.

52. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 51 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path.

53. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 51 wherein the composition is a gas selected from the group consisting of neon, xenon, argon, krypton, hydrogen, helium, mercury vapor, and combinations thereof.

54. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 51 wherein the electromagnetic waves are continuous waves.

55. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 51 wherein the electromagnetic waves are short-pulse waves.

57. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide, comprising:

a) an elongated non-conductive enclosure defining a propagation path therein for directional electromagnetic wave propagation, wherein a metal sleeve does not surround the enclosure;

b) a composition contained within the enclosure capable of forming a plasma, said plasma when formed having a skin depth along a surface within the enclosure such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth and are primarily propagated directionally along the path;

c) an energy source for energizing the composition to form the plasma; and

d) an energy modifying medium to modify the density of the plasma such that electromagnetic waves of various speeds may be propagated directionally along the path, wherein the electromagnetic waves are short-pulse waves.

58. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide, comprising:

a) an elongated non-conductive enclosure defining a propagation path therein for directional electromagnetic wave propagation, wherein a metal sleeve does not surround the enclosure;

b) a composition contained within the enclosure capable of forming a plasma, said plasma when formed having a skin depth along a surface within the enclosure such that the electromagnetic waves penetrate the skin depth and are primarily propagated directionally along the path;

c) an energy source for energizing the composition to form the plasma, wherein the energy source generates a high frequency signal;

d) an energy modifying medium to modify the density of the plasma such that electromagnetic waves of various speeds may be propagated directionally along the path.

59. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 58 wherein the electromagnetic waves are continuous waves.

60. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 58 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path.

61. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 58 wherein the composition is a gas selected from the group consisting of neon, xenon, argon, krypton, hydrogen, helium, mercury vapor, and combinations thereof.

62. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 58 wherein the energy source comprises a pair of electrodes in electromagnetic contact with the composition.

63. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 62 wherein the pair of electrodes are an anode and a cathode positioned at opposite ends of the path.

64. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 58 wherein the energy source is selected from the group consisting of fiber optics, lasers, and electromagnetic couplers electromagnetically coupled to the composition.

65. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 58 wherein the electromagnetic waves are short-pulse waves.

66. A phase shifting plasma electromagnetic waveguide as in claim 58 wherein said enclosure is flexible along directions perpendicular to the path and the energy modifying medium also alters the plasma pressure within the flexible enclosure thereby causing deformation of the enclosure.