Dermal penetration enhancers and drug delivery systems involving same

• US 6,818,226 B2
• Filed: 07/24/2001
• Issued: 11/16/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 02/19/1996
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Acrux DDS Pty Ltd (Acrux Limited)
• Original Assignee: Acrux DDS Pty Ltd (Acrux Limited)
• Inventors: Morgan, Timothy Matthias, Finnin, Barrie Charles, Reed, Barry Leonard
• Primary Examiner(s): Page, Thurman K.
• Assistant Examiner(s): George, Konata M.
• Application Number:
  US09/910,780
• Publication Number:
  US 20020028235A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,211 Days
• Field of Search: 424/448, 424/449, 514/974, 602/41, 604/41
• US Class Current: 424/449
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 47/14 Esters of carboxylic acids, e.g. fatty acid monoglycerides, medium-chain triglycerides, parabens or PEG fatty acid esters
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/046 Aerosols; Foams
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/37 Esters of carboxylic acids
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/445 aromatic, i.e. the carboxylic acid directly linked to the aromatic ring
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/0014 Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions non-active ingredients are additionally classified in A61K47/00; A61K9/0009, A61K9/0021, A61K9/7015, A61K9/7023 take precedence; cosmetic preparations A61K8/00, A61Q; preparations for wound dressings or bandages A61L26/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/12 Aerosols; Foams A61K9/0043, A61K9/0056, A61K9/006, A61K9/0073 take precedence; spray-films A61K9/7015
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 9/122 Foams; Dry foams edible foams A61K9/0056
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 35/003 Portable hand-held applicators having means for dispensing or spreading integral media hand-held massage devices with liquid delivery A61H7/003
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 1/08 for nausea, cinetosis or vertigo; Antiemetics
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 11/00 Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 11/06 Antiasthmatics
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 13/08 of the prostate
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 15/10 for impotence
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 15/16 Masculine contraceptives
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 15/18 Feminine contraceptives
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 17/10 Anti-acne agents
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 17/14 for baldness or alopecia
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 25/04 Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 25/06 Antimigraine agents
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 25/20 Hypnotics; Sedatives
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 25/22 : Anxiolytics
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 29/00 : Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 31/22 : for herpes viruses
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 33/06 : Antimalarials
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 35/00 : Antineoplastic agents
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 39/00 : General protective or antinoxious agents
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 5/24 : of the sex hormones
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 5/26 : Androgens
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 5/30 : Oestrogens
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 7/02 : Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 9/12 : Antihypertensives
• CPC Class Codes: A61Q 17/04 : Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
• CPC Class Codes: Y02A 50/30 : Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Abstract

A transdermal drug delivery system which comprises at least one physiologically active agent or prodrug thereof and at least one dermal penetration enhancer; characterised in that the dermal penetration enhancer is a safe skin-tolerant ester sunscreen.

A non-occlusive, percutaneous or transdermal drug delivery system which comprises:

(i) an effective amount of at least one physiologically active agent or prodrug thereof;

(ii) at least one non-volatile dermal penetration enhancer; and

(iii) at least one volatile liquid;

characterised in that

the dermal penetration enhancer is adapted to transport the physiologically active agent across a dermal surface or mucosal membrane of an animal, including a human, when the volatile liquid evaporates, to form a reservoir or depot of a mixture comprising the penetration enhancer and the physiologically active agent or prodrug within said surface or membrane;

and the dermal penetration enhancer is of low toxicity to, and is tolerated by, the dermal surface or mucosal membrane of the animal.

Claims

1. A non-occlusive percutaneous or non-occlusive transdermal drug delivery system which comprises:

(i) a therapeutically effective amount of at least one physiologically active agent or prodrug thereof;

(ii) at least one dermal penetration enhancer, which is present in an amount of from 10 to 10,000 wt % based on the weight of the active agent or prodrug thereof;

(iii) at least one volatile liquid present in an amount to act as a vehicle for the active agent and penetration enhancer;

wherein;

the dermal penetration enhancer (A) is adapted to transport the physiologically active agent across a dermal surface or mucosal membrane of an animal, when the volatile liquid evaporates, to form a reservoir or depot of a mixture comprising the penetration enhancer and the physiologically active agent within said surface or membrane, and (B) is of low toxicity to, and is tolerated by, the dermal surface or mucosal membrane of the animal; and

,

after application of the system to an area of the dermal surface or mucosal membrane, the area becomes touch-dry within 3 minutes of application.

2. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein said dermal penetration enhancer is one or more esters selected from the group consisting of C₈ to C₁₈ alkyl para-aminobenzoate, C₈ to C₁₈ alkyl dimethyl-para-aminobenzoate, C₈ to C₁₈ alkyl cinnamate, C₈ to C₁₈ alkyl methoxycinnamate and C₈ to C₁₈ alkyl salicylate.

3. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein the drug delivery system is not supersaturated with respect to the physiologically active agent.

4. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein the dermal surface or mucosal membrane becomes touch-dry within 1 minute of application.

5. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein the dermal penetration enhancer is a safe skin tolerant sunscreen.

6. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein said dermal penetration enhancer is an ester of formula (I):

wherein R¹ is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, halide, hydroxy or NR³R⁴;

R₂ is a long chain alkyl;

R³ and R⁴ are each independently hydrogen, lower alkyl or R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;

n is 0 or 1; and

q is 1 or 2.

7. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein said dermal penetration enhancer is one or more esters selected from the group consisting of a long chain alkyl para-aminobenzoate, long chain alkyl dimethyl-para-aminobenzoate, long chain alkyl cinnamate, long chain alkyl methoxycinnamate and long chain alkyl salicylate.

8. A drug delivery system according to claim 7, wherein said dermal penetration enhancer is one or more esters selected from the group consisting of octyl dimethyl-para-aminobenzoate, octyl para-methoxycinnamate and octyl salicylate.

9. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein the volatile liquid is ethanol or isopropanol.

10. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein the physiologically active agent is a steroid, hormone derivative, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, opioid analgesic, antinauseant, antioestrogen, aromatase inhibitor, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, anxiolytic, prostaglandin, anti-viral drug, anti-migraine compound, antihypertensive agent, anti-malarial compound, bronchodilatar, anti-depressant, anti-Alzheimer'"'"'s agent, neuroleptic and antipsychotic agent, anti-Parkinson'"'"'s agent, anti-androgen or anorectic agent.

11. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein the physiologically active agent is testosterone, oestradiol, ethinyloestradiol, progesterone, norethisterone acetate, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, fentanyl, buprenorphine, scopolamine, prochlorperazine, metochiopramide, ondansetron, tamoxifen, epitiostanol, exemestane, 4-hydroxy-androstenedione and its derivatives, finasteride, turostende, LY191704, MK-306, alprazolam, alprostadil, prostacylcin and its derivatives, melatonin, n-docosanol, tromantadine, lipophilic pro-drugs of acyclovir, low molecular weight heparin, enoxaparin, sumatriptan, amlodipine, nitrendipine, primaquine, minoxidil, minoxidil pro-drugs, pilocarpine, salbutamol, terbutaline, salmeterol, ibogaine, bupropian, rolipram, tacrine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, N-0923, cyproterone acetate or mazindol.

12. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein the system is applied to the dermal surface by an aerosol, as a spray.

13. A drug delivery system according to claim 12, wherein the aerosol is a fixed or variable metered dose aerosol.

14. A drug delivery system according to claim 1, further comprising a pharmaceutical compounding agent, co-solvent, surfactant, emulsifier, antioxidant, preservative, stabiliser, diluent or a mixture of two or more of said components.

15. A method for administering at least one systemic or locally acting physiologically active agent or prodrug thereof to an animal which comprises applying an effective amount of the physiologically active agent in the form of a drug delivery system according to claim 1 to a dermal surface or mucosal membrane of said animal.

16. A method for the treatment of a disease or condition in an animal which comprises administering to a dermal surface or mucosal membrane of said animal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the drug delivery system according to claim 1 to a dermal surface or mucosal membrane of said animal.

17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the method is for the treatment of a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of a disease or condition that requires male hormone replacement in testosterone deficient hypogonadal men, a disease or condition that requires female hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women, a disease or condition that requires androgen replacement therapy for females lacking libido, a soft tissue injury, narcotic withdrawal, severe post-operative pain, oestrogen dependent breast cancer, prostatic enlargement, prostatic cancer, alopecia, an anxiety disorder, male impotence, Raynaud'"'"'s syndrome, varicose veins, a sleep disorder, herpes virus infection, deep vein thrombosis, migraine, high blood pressure, and malaria.

18. A method according to claim 15, wherein the animal is suffering from or at risk of developing a disease or condition selected from the group consisting of motion sickness, acne, jetlag, asthma and nocturnal asthma.

19. A method according to claim 15, wherein the animal is a human.

20. A transdermal drug delivery system according to claim 1, wherein the physiologically active agent or prodrug thereof, the dermal penetration enhancer, and the volatile liquid are a single phase.

21. A method according to claim 15, wherein the drug delivery system is applied by an aerosol or spray comprising a shroud adapted to keep an actuator nozzle of the apparatus at a pre-determined height above the site of application.

22. A method according to claim 15, wherein the animal is in need of male contraception or female contraception.

23. A method according to claim 15, wherein the physiologically active agent or prodrug thereof is administered for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.