Chemically modifying single wall carbon nanotubes to facilitate dispersal in solvents

• US 6,875,412 B2
• Filed: 03/16/2001
• Issued: 04/05/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 09/18/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Rice University
• Original Assignee: Rice University
• Inventors: Smalley, Richard E., Liu, Jie, Colbert, Daniel T., Smith, Ken, Margrave, John L., Hauge, Robert, Boul, Peter, Mickelson, Edward T., Huffman, Chad
• Primary Examiner(s): Hendrickson, Stuart
• Application Number:
  US09/810,150
• Publication Number:
  US 20020086124A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,481 Days
• Field of Search: 423/447.1, 423/447.2, 423/460
• US Class Current: 423/447.2
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 21/18 Carbon
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 23/74 Iron group metals
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 23/755 Nickel
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 35/58 Fabrics or filaments
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 30/00 Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 40/00 Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2202/02 Single-walled nanotubes
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2202/06 Multi-walled nanotubes
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2202/08 Aligned nanotubes
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 32/162 characterised by catalysts
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 32/174 Derivatisation; Solubilisation; Dispersion in solvents
• CPC Class Codes: D01F 11/121 Halogen, halogenic acids or their salts
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/745 having a modified surface
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/75 Single-walled
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/835 Chemical or nuclear reactivity/stability of composition or compound forming nanomaterial
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/843 Gas phase catalytic growth, i.e. chemical vapor deposition
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 977/848 Tube end modifications, e.g. capping, joining, splicing
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/139 Open-ended, self-supporting conduit, cylinder, or tube-type article
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 428/2918 including free carbon or carbide or therewith [not as steel]

Abstract

This invention is directed to making chemical derivatives of carbon nanotubes and to uses for the derivatized nanotubes, including making arrays as a basis for synthesis of carbon fibers. In one embodiment, this invention also provides a method for preparing single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube by reacting single wall carbon nanotubes with fluorine gas and recovering fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes, then reacting fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with a nucleophile. Some of the fluorine substituents are replaced by nucleophilic substitution. If desired, the remaining fluorine can be completely or partially eliminated to produce single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube. The substituents will, of course, be dependent on the nucleophile, and preferred nucleophiles include alkyl lithium species such as methyl lithium. Alternatively, fluorine may be fully or partially removed from fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes by reacting the fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with various amounts of hydrazine, substituted hydrazine or alkyl amine. The present invention also provides seed materials for growth of single wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of single wall carbon nanotubes or short tubular molecules having a catalyst precursor moiety covalently bound or physisorbed on the outer surface of the sidewall to provide the optimum metal cluster size under conditions that result in migration of the metal moiety to the tube end.

Claims

1. A solution of single wall carbon nanotubes comprising:

(i) single wall carbon nanotubes having fluorine covalently bonded to carbon atoms on the sidewall of the single wall carbon nanotubes; and

(ii) a solvent, wherein the single wall carbon nanotubes are dispersed in the solvent.

2. The solution of claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, CHCl3, and dimethylformamide.

3. The solution of claim 2, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol and n-heptanol.

4. The solution of claim 1, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotube is at a substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about 26 carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

5. The solution of claim 4, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotube is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about ten carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

6. The solution of claim 5, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotube is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about three carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

7. A solution of carbon nanotubes comprising:

(i) carbon nanotubes having fluorine covalently bonded to carbon atoms on the sidewall of the carbon nanotubes; and

(ii) a solvent, wherein the carbon nanotubes are dispersed in the solvent.

8. A solution of single wall carbon nanotubes comprising:

(i) single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents covalently bonded to carbon atoms on the sidewall of the single wall carbon nanotubes; and

(ii) a solvent, wherein the single wall carbon nanotubes are dispersed in the solvent.

9. The solution of claim 8, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, CHOl3, and dimethylformamide.

10. The solution of claim 9, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol and n-heptanol.

11. The solution of claim 8, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, and OR′

, wherein R′

is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, a linear carbon chain, and a cyclic carbon chain.

12. The solution of claim 11, wherein the linear carbon chain or the cyclic carbon chain or both is substituted with at least one heteroatom.

13. The solution of claim 11, wherein the linear carbon chain or the cyclic carbon chain or both is substituted with one or more of the group consisting of ═

O, ═

S, hydroxy, an aminoalkyl, an amino acid, and a peptide of 2-8 amino acids.

14. The solution of claim 8, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at a substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about 26 carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

15. The solution of claim 14, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about ten carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

16. The solution of claim 15, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about three carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

17. A solution of single wall carbon nanotubes made by the process comprising the steps of:

(i) derivatizing single wall carbon nanotubes with a fluorinating agent; and

(ii) dispersing the single wall carbon nanotubes in a solvent.

18. The solution of claim 17, wherein the fluorinating agent is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, CIF₃, BrF₃, IF₅, XeF₂, XeF₄, AgF₂, and MnF_3.

19. The solution of claim 17, wherein the dispersing step comprises sonication.

20. The solution of claim 17, wherein the dispersing step comprises using a solvent selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, CHCl₃, and dimethylformamide.

21. The solution of claim 20, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol and n-heptanol.

22. The solution of claim 17, wherein the amount of fluorine bonded to carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at a fluorine to carbon ratio of from (a) one fluorine atom to about 26 carbon atoms to (b) one fluorine atom to about two carbon atoms.

23. The solution of claim 22, wherein the amount of fluorine bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the fluorine to carbon ratio of from (a) one fluorine atom to about ten carbon atoms to (b) one fluorine atom to about two carbon atoms.

24. The solution of claim 23, wherein the amount of fluorine bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the fluorine to carbon ratio of from (a) one fluorine atom to about three carbon atoms to (b) one fluorine atom to about two carbon atoms.

25. A solution of carbon nanotubes made by the process comprising the steps of:

(i) derivatizing carbon nanotubes with a fluorinating agent; and

(ii) dispersing the carbon nanotubes in a solvent.

26. A solution of single wall carbon nanotubes made by the process comprising the steps of:

(i) covalently bonding substituents to the single wall carbon nanotubes; and

(ii) dispersing the single wall carbon nanotubes in a solvent.

27. The solution of claim 26, wherein the dispersing step comprises sonication.

28. The solution of claim 26, wherein the dispersing step comprises using a solvent selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, CHCl₃, and dimethylformamide.

29. The solution of claim 28, wherein the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol and n-heptanol.

30. The solution of claim 27, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, and OR′

, wherein R′

is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, a linear carbon chain, and a cyclic carbon chain.

31. The solution of claim 30, wherein the linear carbon chain or the cyclic carbon chain or both is substituted with at least one heteroatom.

32. The solution of claim 30, wherein the linear carbon chain or the cyclic carbon chain or both is substituted with one or more of the group consisting of ═

O, ═

S, hydroxy, an aminoalkyl, an amino acid, and a peptide of 2-8 amino acids.

33. The solution of claim 26, wherein the substituents are alkyl or phenyl.

34. The solution of claim 26, further comprising the step of complexing a metal to at least one of the substituents.

35. The solution of claim 34, wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Group VI B metals and Group VIII B metals.

36. The solution of claim 26, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at a substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about 26 carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

37. The solution of claim 36, wherein the amount of subsituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent ot about ten carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.

38. The solution of claim 37, wherein the amount of substituent bonded to the carbon atoms of the single wall carbon nanotubes is at the substituent to carbon ratio of from (a) one substituent to about three carbon atoms to (b) one substituent to about two carbon atoms.