Method and device for detecting damage in materials or objects

• US 6,880,379 B2
• Filed: 02/14/2002
• Issued: 04/19/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 04/02/2001
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Impresonic AB
• Original Assignee: Impressonic AB
• Inventors: Sutin, Alexander, Johnson, Paul A., Hedberg, Claes
• Primary Examiner(s): Williams, Hezron
• Assistant Examiner(s): MILLER, ROSE MARY
• Application Number:
  US10/473,726
• Publication Number:
  US 20040134280A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,160 Days
• Field of Search: 73/120.1, 735/79, 736/02, 736/58, 736/59, 702/35, 702/38, 702/39, 702/40
• US Class Current: 73/12.01
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 19/08 Detecting presence of flaws or irregularities
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/014 Resonance or resonant frequency
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/0423 Surface waves, e.g. Rayleigh waves, Love waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/044 Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2291/048 Transmission, i.e. analysed material between transmitter and receiver
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/045 by imparting shocks to the workpiece and detecting the vibrations or the acoustic waves caused by the shocks measuring resonant frequency G01H13/00; measuring strength properties by application of mechanical stress G01N3/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/2412 using the magnetostrictive properties of the material to be examined, e.g. electromagnetic acoustic transducers [EMAT]; investigating the presence of flaws using eddy currents G01N27/90, magnetostrictive transducers B06B1/08, measuring magnetostrictive properties G01R33/18
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/2418 using optoacoustic interaction with the material, e.g. laser radiation, photoacoustics photoacoustic cells G01N21/1702; measuring characteristics of vibrations by using radiation-sensitive means G01H9/00; acousto-optical conversion techniques for short-range imaging G01S15/8965; sound-producing devices using laser bundle G10K15/046
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 29/348 with frequency characteristics, e.g. single frequency signals, chirp signals measuring frequency of mechanical vibrations or acoustic waves in general G01H1/06, G01H3/04; measuring frequency or analysing frequency spectra G01R23/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 3/30 by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight

Abstract

In a method of detecting damage in materials or objects (4) the material or object is physically influenced to produce a physical change of the material or object inducing transient slow dynamics in case of damages in the material or object. Slow dynamics induced material elastic modulus changes are detected as indication of damages of the material or object. In a device for non-destructive detection of damage in materials or objects (4), an impact source (16) is provided to impact the material or object to physically influence the material or object to produce a physical change of the material or object inducing transient slow dynamics in case of damages in the material or object. A detector (2,8,10,12,14,6) is provided to detect by said slow dynamics induced material elastic modulus changes as indications of damages of the material or object.

Claims

1. A method of detecting damage in materials or objects, wherein the material or object is physically influenced to produce a physical change of the material or object in case of damages therein, the method comprising influencing the material or object to induce transient slow dynamics in case of damage in the material or object;

detecting slow dynamics induced material elastic modulus changes by applying a probe signal to the material or object;

sweeping the frequency of the probe signal at least twice, before and after physically influencing the material or object, to determine at least one eigenmode of the material or object;

sensing the probe signal in the material or object while physically influencing it;

analyzing the sensed signal to determine a transient frequency displacement of the eigenmode as an indication of a material modulus change resulting from a damage in the material or object.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein physically influencing the material or object comprises impacting the material or object by applying an electromagnetic impulse to it.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein physically influencing the material or object comprises impacting the material or object by applying a continuous electromagnetic wave to it.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein physically influencing the material or object comprises impacting the material or object mechanically.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein impacting the material or object comprises changing an applied load.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein physically influencing the material or object comprises hitting the material or object by a mechanical hammer.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein physically influencing the material or object comprises impacting the material or object by a change of temperature.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein physically influencing the material or object comprises impacting the material or object by a change of the ambient pressure.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein physically influencing the material or object comprises impacting the material or object by an air gun for providing an acoustic impulse.

10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising after determining eigenmodes of the material or object, supplying a probe signal to the material or object of at least one tone of a single frequency chosen to be situated in a selected point on a resonance peak corresponding to a selected one of the determined eigenmodes;

sensing the probe signal in the material or object while physically influencing the material or object; and

analyzing the effect of the physical influence on the sensed probe signal to detect the changes in the material or object elastic modulus.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the selected point is chosen to be positioned on one flank of the eigenmode resonance peak.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the selected point is chosen to be located on or near the inflection point of the flank.

13. The method according to claim 10, wherein determining the eigenmodes, comprises sweeping the signal frequency over the predetermined frequency interval and increasing a time-averaged response from the material or object.

14. The method according to claim 10, wherein the electromagnetic wave to impact the material or object is a large amplitude signal with a broad frequency band signal of 10-1000 times, larger amplitude than the probe signal.

15. The method according to claim 10, wherein an electromagnetic wave impacts the material or object and is a large amplitude signal of a single frequency tone.

16. The method according to claim 14 wherein the frequency of the probe signal is considerably higher than frequencies of the large amplitude signal.

17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the probe signal is continuously supplied with constant amplitude.

18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the probe signal and said large amplitude signal are acoustic signals.

19. The method according to claim 10, further comprising supplying a plurality of single tone probe signals to the material or object, the signals having single tone frequencies chosen to be situated on different flanks of resonance peaks corresponding to selected ones of the determined eigenmodes, and monitoring the effect of the physical influence on the plurality of probe signals for detecting damages.

20. The method according to claim 10, further comprising monitoring changes in the monitored material or object elastic modulus and comparing them to predetermined baseline information to determine pass or fail status for the material or object for use on a production of manufacturing line.

21. A device for non-destructive detection of damage in materials or objects, comprising

an impact source provided to impact the material or object to physically influence the material or object to produce a physical change of the material or object wherein the impact source is adapted to produce a physical change of the material or object to induce transient slow dynamics in case of damage therein;

a probe signal source to supply a probe signal to the material or object;

sweeping means to sweep the probe signal frequency at least twice, before and after physically influencing the material or object, to determine at least one eigenmode of the material or object;

a sensor to sense the probe signal in the material or object while physically influencing it;

an analyzer to determine a transient frequency displacement of the eigenmode as an indication of a material elastic modulus change resulting from a damage in the material or object.

22. The device according to claim 21 wherein the impact source comprises a signal generator adapted to impact the material or object with a continuous or pulsed electromagnetic wave for physically influencing the material or object.

23. The device according to claim 21 wherein the impact source comprises an air gun adapted to impact the material or object by an acoustic impulse for physically influencing it.

24. The device according to claim 21, further comprising a first signal generator for supplying a first signal to the material or object;

a controller means to control the first signal generator to sweep the frequency of the first signal over a predetermined frequency interval;

a determining device to determine eigenmodes of the material or object when sweeping the frequency of the supplied first signal;

a second signal generator for supplying a probe signal of at least one single tone frequency to the material or object, the frequency being chosen to be situated in a selected point on a resonance peak corresponding to a selected one of the eigenmodes;

a sensor to sense the probe signal in the material or object while physically influencing the material or object; and

an analyzer to analyse the effect of the physical influence on the sensed probe signal for detecting changes in the material or object elastic modulus.

25. The device according to claim 24, wherein the selected point is positioned on one flank of the eigenmode resonance peak.

26. The device according to claim 24 further comprising a computer to form the controller.

27. The device according to claim 24, wherein the second signal generator is adapted to supply an acoustic probe signal.

28. The device according to claim 24, wherein the second signal generator is connected to an acoustic signal source as a piezoelectric transducer, to be contacted with the material or object for supply of the probe signal.

29. The device according to claim 24, wherein the second signal generator is connected to a non-contact wave source, for contactless supply of the probe signal to the material or object.

30. The device according to claim 24, wherein the second signal generator is adapted to supply a probe signal having a plurality of single tone frequencies.

31. The device according to claim 24, wherein the first and second signal generators are the same signal generator.

32. The device according to claim 23, wherein the impact source comprises a laser impulse source.

33. The device according to claim 23, wherein the analysing comprises a data acquisition system for receiving and analyzer sensed signals from the material or object.

34. The device according to claim 33, wherein the data acquisition system comprises a digitising means.

35. The device according to claim 33, further comprising at least one vibration sensor to contact the material or object to deliver the sensed signal to the data acquisition system.

36. The device according to claim 28, wherein the acoustic signal source comprises a piezoelectric transducer.

37. The device according to claim 29, wherein the non-contact wave source comprises a speaker.