Nuclear magnetic resonance method and logging apparatus for fluid analysis

• US 6,891,369 B2
• Filed: 12/13/2002
• Issued: 05/10/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 08/13/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Schlumberger Technology Corporation (SLB)
• Original Assignee: Schlumberger Technology Corporation (SLB)
• Inventors: Flaum, Mark, Venkataramanan, Lalitha, Flaum, Charles, Kleinberg, Robert L., Hurlimann, Martin D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Fulton, Christopher W.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Vargas, Dixomara
• Application Number:
  US10/318,798
• Publication Number:
  US 20030178994A1
• Time in Patent Office: 879 Days
• Field of Search: 324/300, 324/303, 324306-309
• US Class Current: 324/303
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 24/081 Making measurements of geologic samples, e.g. measurements of moisture, pH, porosity, permeability, tortuosity or viscosity
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 33/56341 Diffusion imaging
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 33/60 using electron paramagnetic resonance G01R33/24, G01R33/62 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 3/32 operating with electron or nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract

The present invention discloses a diffusion edited pulse technique that allows information about a fluid to be extracted, comprising: a) obtaining a fluid sample; b) generating a sequence of magnetic field pulses in the fluid, the sequence comprising an initial magnetic field pulse, a first portion that follows the initial magnetic field pulse, and a second portion that follows the first portion; c) detecting magnetic resonance signals using the second portion of the sequence; d) modifying the first portion of the sequence, and repeating steps (b) and (c); and e) extracting information about the fluid by determining relaxation and diffusion characteristics and their correlation based on the signals detected in steps (c) and (d). Also disclosed is a logging tool equipped with a processor to implement the diffusion edited pulse technique.

Claims

1. A method of extracting information about a fluid comprising:

a) obtaining a fluid sample;

b) generating a sequence of magnetic field pulses in the fluid, the sequence comprising an initial magnetic field pulse, a first portion that follows the initial magnetic field pulse, and a second portion that follows the first portion;

c) detecting magnetic resonance signals using the second portion of the sequence;

d) modifying the first portion of the sequence, and repeating steps (b) and (c); and

e) extracting information about the fluid by determining relaxation and diffusion characteristics and their correlation based on the signals detected in steps (c) and (d).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second portion comprises a series of magnetic field pulses separated by a time spacing.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first portion comprises a first series of magnetic field pulses separated by a first time spacing.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first time spacing is not less than the time spacing of the second portion.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the first portion comprises a stimulated echo sequence.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first portion includes at least one magnetic field gradient pulse.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein modifying the first portion comprises varying a time spacing between magnetic field pulses.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing magnetic resonance signals comprises calculating an attenuation factor.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein analyzing magnetic resonance signals comprises determining a relative amplitude of the magnetic resonance signals.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting information about the fluid comprises determining a diffusion coefficient.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein extracting information about the fluid comprises distinguishing between different components of the fluid.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the fluid is a formation fluid.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

f) repeating step (d) a plurality of times.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein extracting information about the fluid comprises extracting a two dimensional function of a first parameter indicative of the fluid versus a second parameter indicative of the fluid.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first parameter is a diffusion coefficient.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein a second parameter is a relaxation time.

17. The method of claim 13, further comprising:

g) varying the time relative to the initial magnetic field pulse from which the magnetic resonance signals are analyzed and repeating steps (b) through (f).

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising repeating step (g) a plurality of times.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein extracting information about the fluid comprises determining a time dependent diffusion coefficient.

20. A method of extracting information about a fluid comprising:

a) obtaining a fluid sample;

b) generating a first sequence of magnetic field pulses in the fluid, the first sequence comprising a first portion and a second portion;

c) detecting magnetic resonance signals using the second portion of the first sequence;

d) generating at least one other sequence of magnetic field pulses in the fluid, each other sequence comprising a third portion and a fourth portion, the third portion having a different sensitivity to diffusion effects than the first portion of the first sequence and the fourth portion having a similar sensitivity to diffusion effects as the second portion of the first sequence;

e) detecting magnetic resonance signals using the fourth portion of each other sequence; and

f) analyzing the detected magnetic resonance signals to separate diffusion effects from relaxation effects.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first portion of the first sequence is substantially similar to the second portion of the first sequence.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the first sequence of magnetic field pulses is generated according to:

90−

[t_short−

180−

t_short−

echo_i]_n

wherein t_short, is a time spacing;

echo_i is the i^th magnetic resonance spin echo; and

n is the number of spin echoes.

23. The method of claim 20, wherein the first sequence comprises a modified CPMG sequence.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the first sequence is generated according to:

90−

[t_long−

180−

t_long−

echo_k]_m−

[t_short−

180−

t_short−

echo<sub>i′

]n</sub>′

wherein t_long is a first time spacing;

echo_k is the k^th magnetic resonance spin echo of the first portion;

m is the number of spin echoes of the first portion;

t_short is a second time spacing, the second time spacing being shorter than the first time spacing;

echo_i, is the i′

^th magnetic resonance spin echo of the second portion; and

n′

is the number of spin echoes of the second portion.

25. The method of claim 23, wherein the first sequence is generated according to:

90−

[δ

−

90−

(Δ

−

δ

)−

90−

δ

−

echo_k]_m−

[t_short−

180−

t_short−

echo_i′

]_n′

wherein δ and

Δ

are time spacings in the first portion;

echo_k is the k^th stimulated magnetic resonance spin echo of the first portion;

m is the number of stimulated spin echoes of the first portion;

t_short, is a time spacing in the second portion;

echo_i is the i′

^th magnetic resonance spin echo of the second portion; and

n′

is the number of spin echoes of the second portion.

26. The method of claim 20, wherein the other sequence comprises a modified CPMG sequence.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein at least one other sequence is generated according to:

90−

[t_long,j−

180−

t_long,j−

echo_k,j]_m,j−

[t_short−

180−

t_short−

echo<sub>i′

,j</sub>]<sub>n′

,j</sub>

wherein, for the j^th other sequence, t_longj is a third time spacing;

echo_k,j is the k^th magnetic resonance spin echo of the third portion;

(m,j) is the number of spin echoes of the third portion;

t_short is a fourth time spacing, the fourth time spacing being shorter than the third time spacing;

echo<sub>i′

,j</sub> is the i′

^th magnetic resonance spin echo of the fourth portion; and

(n′

,j) is the number of spin echoes of the fourth portion.

28. The method of claim 26, wherein at least one other sequence is generated according to:

 

90−

[δ

_j−

90−

(Δ

_j−

δ

_j)−

90−

δ

_j−

echo_kj]_mj−

[t_short−

180−

_short−

echo<sub>i′

j</sub>]<sub>n′

j</sub>

wherein, for the j^th other sequence, δ

_j and Δ

_j are time spacings in the third portion;

echo_k,j is the k^th stimulated magnetic resonance spin echo of the third portion;

(m,j) is the number of stimulated spin echoes of the third portion;

t_short is a time spacing in the fourth portion;

echo<sub>i′

j</sub> is the i′

^th magnetic resonance spin echo of the fourth portion; and

(n′

,j) is the number of spin echoes of the fourth portion.

29. The method of claim 20, wherein the first portion and the third portion include at least one magnetic field gradient pulse.

30. The method of claim 20, wherein analyzing magnetic resonance signals comprises determining an amplitude of the signal from the other sequence relative to an amplitude of the signal from the first sequence.

31. The method of claim 20, wherein analyzing magnetic resonance signals comprises analyzing spin echoes from the first sequence that correspond in time to spin echoes from the other sequence.

32. The method of claim 20, wherein analyzing magnetic resonance signals comprises analyzing a substantially equal number of spin echoes from the first sequence and from the other sequence.

33. The method of claim 20, further comprising extracting a two-dimensional function of two parameters indicative of the fluid.

34. The method of claim 20, wherein the fluid is a formation fluid.

35. The method of claim 20, wherein analyzing magnetic resonance signals comprises correlating spin echoes from the first sequence in time with spin echoes from the other sequence and analyzing correlated spin echoes at a given time, and further comprising:

g) varying the given time at which correlated spin echoes are analyzed, and

h) repeating steps (b) through (g) a plurality of times.

36. The method of claim 35, further comprising determining a time dependent attribute of the fluid.

37. A method of extracting information about a fluid comprising:

a) obtaining a fluid sample;

b) generating a fist sequence of magnetic field pulses in the fluid, the first sequence comprising a first series of magnetic field pulses with a first time spacing;

c) detecting spin echoes using the first series;

d) generating a second sequence of magnetic field pulses in the fluid, the second sequence comprising a second series of magnetic field pulses with a second time spacing and a third series of magnetic field pulses with the first time spacing, the second spacing being greater than the first time spacing;

e) detecting spin echoes using the third series;

f) developing a correlation between diffusion and relaxation time using said detected spin echoes and;

g) extracting information about the fluid using spin echoes detected using the first series and spin echoes detected using the third series.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein extracting information comprises analyzing spin echoes detected using the first series that correspond in time to spin echoes detected using the third series.

39. The method of claim 37, wherein extracting information comprises analyzing a substantially equal number of spin echoes detected using the first series and the third series.

40. The method of claim 37, wherein extracting information comprises determining an amplitude of the spin echoes detected using the third series relative to an amplitude of the spin echoes detected using the first series.

41. The method of claim 37, further comprising:

g) generating at least one other sequence of magnetic field pulses in the fluid, each other sequence comprising a fourth series of magnetic field pulses with a time spacing greater than the first time spacing and different from the second time spacing and from each other, and a fifth series of magnetic field pulses with the first time spacing; and

h) detecting spin echoes using the fifth series, wherein information about the fluid is extracted using the spin echoes detected using the first series, the third series, and the fifth series.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein extracting information comprises analyzing spill echoes detected using the first series that correspond in time to spin echoes detected using the fifth series.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein extracting information comprises analyzing a substantially equal number of spin echoes detected using the first series and the fifth series.

44. The method of claim 41, wherein extracting information comprises extracting a two-dimensional function of a first parameter and a second parameter indicative of the fluid.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the first parameter is a diffusion coefficient and the second parameter is a relaxation time.

46. A logging apparatus comprising:

a logging tool that is moveable through a borehole, wherein said logging tool is equipped with a fluid sampling means; and

a processor that is coupled with the logging tool, the processor being programmed with instructions which, when executed by the processor cause the logging tool to;

i) generate a sequence of magnetic field pulses in a fluid sample, the sequence comprising an initial magnetic field pulse, a first portion, and a second portion;

ii) detect magnetic resonance signals produced from the fluid sample using the second portion of the sequence;

iii) modify the first portion of the sequence and repeat steps (i) and (ii); and

cause the processor to;

iv) analyze magnetic resonance signals from a time relative to the initial magnetic field pulse and extract information about the fluid sample, including the correlation between diffusion and relaxation.

47. The logging apparatus of claim 46, wherein the second portion comprises a series of magnetic field pulses separated by a time spacing.

48. The logging apparatus of claim 46, wherein the first portion comprises a first series of magnetic field pulses separated by a first time spacing.

49. The logging apparatus of claim 46, wherein the first portion comprises a stimulated echo sequence.

50. The logging apparatus of claim 46, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the logging tool to:

v) repeat step iii) a plurality of times.

51. The logging apparatus of claim 50, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to extract a two-dimensional function of two parameters that characterize the fluid sample.

52. The logging apparatus of claim 50, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to vary the time relative to the initial magnetic field pulse from which the magnetic resonance signals are analyzed and repeat steps i) through v).

53. A logging apparatus comprising:

a logging tool that is moveable through a borehole, wherein said logging tool is equipped with a fluid sampling means; and

a processor that is coupled with the logging tool, the processor being programmed with instructions which, when executed by the processor;

cause the logging tool to;

i) generate a first sequence of magnetic field pulses in a fluid sample, the first sequence comprising a first portion and a second portion;

ii) detect magnetic resonance spin echoes produced from the fluid sample using the second portion of the first sequence;

iii) generate at least one other sequence of magnetic field pulses in the fluid sample, each other sequence comprising a third portion and a fourth portion, the third portion having a different sensitivity to diffusion effects than the first portion of the first sequence and the fourth portion having a similar sensitivity to diffusion effects as the second portion of the first sequence;

iv) detect magnetic resonance spin echoes produced from the fluid sample using the fourth portion of each other sequence; and

cause the processor to;

v) analyze detected spin echoes to separate diffusion effects from relaxation effects.

54. The logging apparatus of claim 53, wherein the first portion of the first sequence is substantially similar to the second portion of the first sequence.

55. The logging apparatus of claim 54, wherein the first sequence comprises a CPMG sequence.

56. The logging apparatus of claim 53, wherein the first sequence comprises a modified CPMG sequence.

57. The logging apparatus of claim 53, wherein the other sequence comprises a modified CPMG sequence.

58. The logging apparatus of claim 53, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to analyze a substantially equal number of spin echoes detected using the second portion of the first sequence and detected using the fourth portion of the other sequence.

59. The logging apparatus of claim 53, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to analyze spin echoes detected using the second portion that correspond in time to spin echoes detected using the fourth portion.

60. The logging apparatus of claim 53, wherein step v) involves analyzing spin echoes at a given time, and the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to vary the given time.

61. A logging apparatus comprising:

means for sampling a formation fluid;

means for generating a sequence of magnetic field pulses in a formation fluid sample, the sequence comprising an initial magnetic field pulse, a first portion and a second portion, means for detecting magnetic resonance signals using the second portion;

means for modifying the first portion; and

means for analyzing magnetic resonance signals from a time relative to the initial magnetic field pulse to extract information about the formation fluid including the correlation between diffusion and relaxation.

62. The logging apparatus of claim 61, further comprising means for generating magnetic field gradient pulses in the formation fluid sample.

63. A logging apparatus comprising:

means for sample a formation fluid;

means for generating a first sequence of magnetic field pulses in the formation fluid sample, the first sequence comprising a first portion and a second portion;

means for detecting magnetic resonance signals from the formation fluid sample using the second portion of the first sequence;

means for generating at least one other sequence of magnetic field pulses in the formation fluid sample, each other sequence comprising a third portion and a fourth portion, the third portion having a different sensitivity to diffusion effects than the first portion of the first sequence and the fourth portion having a similar sensitivity to diffusion effects as the second portion of the first sequence;

means for detecting magnetic resonance signals from the formation fluid sample using the fourth portion of each other sequence; and

means for analyzing magnetic resonance signals to separate diffusion effects from surface and bulk relaxation effects.

64. The logging apparatus of claim 63, further comprising means for generating magnetic field gradient pulses in the formation fluid sample.