Configurable add-drop filter utilizing chiral fiber gratings

• US 6,891,992 B2
• Filed: 04/12/2002
• Issued: 05/10/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 04/13/2001
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Chiral Photonics, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Chiral Photonics, Inc.
• Inventors: Kopp, Victor Il'ich, Genack, Azriel Zelig
• Primary Examiner(s): Lee, John R.
• Assistant Examiner(s): JOHNSTON, PHILLIP A
• Application Number:
  US10/121,893
• Publication Number:
  US 20020150330A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,124 Days
• Field of Search: 385/24
• US Class Current: 385/24
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02109 having polarization sensitive features, e.g. reduced photo-induced birefringence
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29317 Light guides of the optical fibre type
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29383 Adding and dropping
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29395 configurable, e.g. tunable or reconfigurable switching G02B6/35

Abstract

An add-drop filter, utilizing chiral couplers, that enables a new signal to be added at a particular vacuum wavelength λ′_k to a fiber optic line carrying n signal channels over a band of wavelengths encompassing λ₁ . . . λ_k−1, λ_k, λ_k+1 . . . λ_n, while an existing signal, λ_k, is simultaneously dropped from the signal group.

Claims

1. An add-drop passive optical filter for subtracting a drop signal from a target wavelength channel of a multi-channel main input signal and adding an add signal into said target wavelength channel, comprising:

an input line for receiving the main input signal, the main input signal comprising a plurality of input signals in a plurality of channels and the drop signal in the target wavelength channel;

an add line for delivering the add signal at the target wavelength to the input signal;

a drop line for receiving the drop signal in the target wavelength channel separate from the main input signal;

a pair of passive chiral couplers, each said passive chiral coupler having a predetermined redirection hand and being optically connected to one another and to at least one of said input, add, and drop lines, said passive chiral coupler pair being operable to passively;

a) separate the drop signal from the main input signal to generate a modified main signal;

b) direct the drop signal into said drop line;

c) add the add signal to said modified main signal to generate an output signal; and

an output line for receiving and transmitting said output signal from said passive chiral coupler pair.

2. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 1, wherein a first passive chiral coupler of said pair of passive chiral couplers comprises:

a first fiber element having a first end and a second end and a second fiber element comprising a third end and a fourth end, wherein said first fiber element comprises a first coupling section between said first and second ends, wherein said second fiber element comprises a second coupling section between said third and fourth ends, and wherein said first and second coupling sections are proximal to one another, and

first passive chiral coupling means of a first handedness, disposed at at least one of said first and second coupling sections, for passively redirecting a first handedness component of a signal at the target wavelength, and for passing a second handedness component of said signal and other signals therethrough.

3. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 2, wherein a second passive chiral coupler of said pair of passive chiral couplers comprises:

a third fiber element having a fifth end and a sixth end and a fourth fiber element comprising a seventh end and an eighth end, wherein said third fiber element comprises a third coupling section between said fifth and sixth ends, wherein said fourth fiber element comprises a fourth coupling section between said seventh and eighth ends, and wherein said third and fourth coupling sections are proximal to one another, and

second passive chiral coupling means of a second handedness, disposed at at least one of said third and fourth coupling sections, for redirecting said second handedness component of said signal at the target wavelength, and for passing said first handedness component of said signal and said other signals therethrough.

4. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 3, wherein:

said first passive chiral coupling means comprises a first passive chiral structure of said first handedness and having said predetermined redirection band at the target wavelength, said first passive chiral structure being operable to passively;

redirect said first handedness component of said target wavelength signal traveling in a first direction in one of said first and second fiber elements into the other of said first and second fiber elements in a second direction; and

pass said second handedness component of said target wavelength signal and said other signals through said one of said first and second fiber elements; and

wherein said second passive chiral coupling means comprises a second passive chiral structure of said second handedness and having said predetermined redirection band at said target wavelength, said second passive chiral structure being operable to passively;

redirect said second handedness component of said target wavelength signal traveling in said first direction in one of said third and fourth fiber elements into the other of said third and fourth fiber elements in said second direction, and

pass said first handedness component of said target wavelength signal and said other signals through said one of said third and fourth fiber elements.

5. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 4, wherein:

said first passive chiral structure comprises at least one first chiral fiber grating disposed at at least one of said first and said second coupling sections; and

said second passive chiral structure comprises at least one second chiral fiber grating disposed at at least one of said third and fourth coupling sections.

6. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 5, wherein:

each of said at least one first chiral fiber grating and said at least one second chiral fiber grating, comprises at least one of;

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

7. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 4, wherein:

said first passive chiral structure comprises said first and said second coupling sections configured as a first common chiral fiber grating structure; and

said second passive chiral structure comprises said third and fourth coupling sections configured as a second common chiral fiber grating structure.

8. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 7, wherein:

each of said first and second common chiral fiber grating structures comprises one of;

a chiral fiber Bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

9. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 4, wherein:

said input line is optically connected to said first end, said second end is optically connected to said eighth end, said add line is optically connected to said fourth end, said third end is optically connected to said fifth end, said drop line is optically connected to said sixth end, and said output line is connected to said seventh end.

10. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 1, wherein said first passive chiral coupler of said pair of passive chiral couplers comprises:

a fifth fiber element having a ninth end and a tenth end, and a sixth fiber element having an eleventh end and a twelfth end, wherein said fifth fiber element comprises a fifth coupling section between said ninth and tenth ends, wherein said sixth fiber element comprises a sixth coupling section between said eleventh and twelfth ends, and wherein said fifth and sixth coupling sections are proximal to one another, and

first defect passive chiral coupling means of a first handedness, disposed at at least one of said fifth and sixth coupling sections, for redirecting said signal at the target wavelength matching a defect wavelength, for splitting said other signals into first and second handedness components, for redirecting said first handedness components of said other signals, and for passing said second handedness components of said other signals therethrough.

11. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 10, wherein said second passive chiral coupler of said pair of passive chiral couplers comprises:

a seventh fiber element having a thirteenth end and a fourteenth end, and an eighth fiber element having a fifteenth end and a sixteenth end, wherein said seventh fiber element comprises a seventh coupling section between said thirteenth and fourteenth ends, wherein said eighth fiber element comprises an eighth coupling section between said fifteenth and sixteenth ends, and wherein said seventh and eighth coupling sections are proximal to one another; and

second defect passive chiral coupling means of a second handedness, disposed at at least one of said seventh and eighth coupling sections, for redirecting said signal at the target wavelength matching a defect wavelength, for splitting said other signals into said first and second handedness components, for redirecting said second handedness components of said other signals, and for passing said first handedness components of said other signals therethrough.

12. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 11, wherein:

said first defect passive chiral coupling means comprises a first passive chiral defect structure of said first handedness, having said predetermined redirection band at the target wavelength and a first defect at said defect wavelength, said first passive chiral defect structure being operable to;

redirect said target wavelength signal traveling in said first direction in one of said fifth and sixth fiber elements into the other of said fifth and sixth fiber elements in said second direction;

split said other signals into said first and second handedness components;

redirect said first handedness components of said other signals traveling in said first direction in one of said fifth and sixth fiber elements into the other of said fifth and sixth fiber elements in a second direction; and

pass said second handedness components of said other signals through said one of said fifth and sixth fiber elements; and

wherein said second defect passive chiral coupling means comprises a second passive chiral defect structure of said second handedness, having said predetermined redirection band at said target wavelength and a second defect at said defect wavelength, said second chiral defect structure being operable to;

redirect said target wavelength signal traveling in a first direction in one of said seventh and eighth fiber elements into the other of said seventh and eighth fiber elements in said second direction;

split said other signals into said first and second handedness components;

redirect said second handedness components of said other signals traveling in said first direction in one of said seventh and eighth fiber elements into the other of said seventh and eighth fiber elements in said second direction; and

pass said first handedness components of said other signals through said one of said seventh and eighth fiber elements.

13. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 12, wherein:

said first passive chiral defect structure comprises at least one third chiral fiber grating having said first defect therein, and being disposed at at least one of said fifth and sixth coupling sections; and

said second passive chiral defect structure comprises at least one fourth chiral fiber grating having said second defect therein, and being disposed at at least one of said seventh and eighth coupling sections.

14. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 13, wherein each of said at least one third chiral defect fiber grating and said at least one fourth chiral defect fiber grating, comprises one of:

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

15. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 12, wherein:

said first passive chiral defect structure comprises said fifth and sixth coupling sections configured as a first common chiral defect fiber grating structure; and

said second passive chiral defect structure comprises said seventh and eighth coupling sections configured as a second common chiral defect fiber grating structure.

16. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 15, wherein:

each of said first and second common chiral defect fiber grating structures comprises one of;

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

17. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 12, wherein:

said first defect comprises at least one of;

spacing between two portions of said first chiral defect structure, additional dielectric material between two portions of said first passive chiral defect structure, and an axial twist between two portions of said first passive chiral defect structure; and

said second defect comprises at least one of;

spacing between two portions of said second passive chiral defect structure, additional dielectric material between two portions of said second passive chiral defect structure, and an axial twist between two portions of said second passive chiral defect structure.

18. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 12, wherein said input line is optically connected to said ninth end, said tenth end is optically connected to said sixteenth end, said add line is optically connected to said twelfth end, said eleventh end is optically connected to said thirteenth end, said drop line is optically connected to said fifteenth end, and said output line is connected to said fourteenth end.

19. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 1, wherein said first passive chiral coupler of said pair of passive chiral couplers comprises:

a ninth fiber element having a seventeenth end and an eighteenth end and a tenth fiber element having a nineteenth end and a twentieth end, wherein said ninth and tenth fiber elements intersect with one another at a first intersection area; and

third passive chiral coupling means of a first handedness, disposed at said first intersection area, for redirecting said first handedness component of said signal at the target wavelength, and for passing said second handedness component and said other signals therethrough.

20. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 19, wherein a second passive chiral coupler of said pair of passive chiral couplers comprises:

an eleventh fiber element having a twenty-first end and a twenty-second end and a twelfth fiber element having a twenty-third end and a twenty-fourth end, wherein said eleventh and twelfth fiber elements intersect with one another at a second intersection area; and

fourth passive chiral coupling means of a second handedness, disposed at said second intersection area, for redirecting said second handedness component of said signal at the target wavelength, and for passing said first handedness component and said other signals therethrough.

21. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 20, wherein:

said third passive chiral coupling means comprises a third passive chiral structure of said first handedness and having said predetermined redirection band at said target wavelength, said third passive chiral structure being operable to passively;

redirect a first handedness component of said target wavelength signal traveling in said first direction in one of said ninth and tenth fiber elements into the other of said ninth and tenth fiber elements in said second direction; and

pass said second handedness component of said target wavelength signal and said other signals through said one of said ninth and tenth fiber elements; and

wherein said fourth passive chiral coupling means comprises a fourth passive chiral structure of said second handedness and having said predetermined redirection band at said target wavelength, said fourth passive chiral structure being operable to passively;

redirect said second handedness component of said target wavelength signal traveling in said first direction in one of said eleventh and twelfth fiber elements into the other of said eleventh and twelfth fiber elements in said second direction, and

pass said first handedness component of said target wavelength signal and said other signals through said one of said eleventh and twelfth fiber elements.

22. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 21, wherein:

said third passive chiral structure comprises at least one third chiral fiber grating disposed at said first intersection area; and

said fourth passive chiral structure comprises at least one fourth chiral fiber grating disposed at said second intersection area.

23. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 22, wherein:

each of said at least one third chiral fiber grating and at least one fourth chiral fiber grating comprises one of;

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

24. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 21, wherein:

said third passive chiral fiber structure comprises a first cholesteric liquid crystal element positioned at said first intersection area; and

said fourth passive chiral fiber structure comprises a second cholesteric liquid crystal element positioned at said second intersection area.

25. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 24, wherein:

each of said first and second cholesteric liquid crystal elements is a film.

26. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 21, wherein:

said input line is optically connected to said nineteenth end, said eighteenth end is optically connected to said twenty-third end, said add line is optically connected to said seventeenth end, said twentieth end is optically connected to said twenty-first end, said drop line is optically connected to said twenty-fourth end, and said output line is connected to said twenty-second end.

27. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 1, wherein said first passive chiral coupler of said pair of passive chiral couplers comprises:

a thirteenth fiber element having a twenty-fifth end and a twenty-sixth end, and a fourteenth fiber element having a twenty-seventh end and a twenty-eighth end, wherein said thirteenth and fourteenth fiber elements intersect with one another at a third intersection area; and

third defect passive chiral coupling means of a first handedness, disposed at said third intersection area, for redirecting said signal at the target wavelength matching said defect wavelength, for splitting said other signals into said first and second handedness components, for redirecting said first handedness components of said other signals, and for passing said second handedness components of said other signals therethrough.

28. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 27, wherein said second passive chiral coupler of said pair of passive chiral couplers comprises:

a fifteenth fiber element having a twenty-ninth end and a thirtieth end, and a sixteenth fiber element having a thirty-first end and a thirty-second end, wherein said fifteenth and sixteenth fiber elements intersect with one another at a fourth intersection area; and

fourth defect passive chiral coupling means of a second handedness, disposed at said fourth intersection area, for redirecting said signal at the target wavelength matching said defect wavelength, for splitting said other signals into said first and second handedness components, for redirecting said second handedness components of said other signals, and for passing said first handedness components of said other signals therethrough.

29. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 28, wherein:

said third defect passive chiral coupling means comprises a third chiral defect structure of said first handedness, having said predetermined redirection band at said target wavelength and a third defect at said defect wavelength, said third chiral defect structure being operable to passively;

redirect said target wavelength signal traveling in said first direction in one of said thirteenth and fourteenth fiber elements into the other of said thirteenth and fourteenth fiber elements in said second direction;

split said other signals into said first and second handedness components;

redirect said first handedness components of said other signals traveling in said first direction in one of said thirteenth and fourteenth fiber elements into the other of said thirteenth and fourteenth fiber elements in said second direction; and

pass said second handedness components of said other signals through said one of said thirteenth and fourteenth fiber elements; and

wherein said fourth defect passive chiral coupling means comprises a fourth passive chiral defect structure of said second handedness, having said predetermined redirection band at said target wavelength and a fourth defect at said defect wavelength, said fourth passive chiral defect structure being operable to passively;

redirect said target wavelength signal traveling in said first direction in one of said fifteenth and sixteenth fiber elements into the other of said fifteenth and sixteenth fiber elements in said second direction;

split said other signals into said first and second handedness components;

redirect said second handedness components of said other signals traveling in said first direction in one of said fifteenth and sixteenth fiber elements into the other of said fifteenth and sixteenth fiber elements in said second direction; and

pass said first handedness components of said other signals through said one of said fifteenth and sixteenth fiber elements.

30. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 29, wherein:

said third passive chiral defect structure comprises at least one fifth chiral fiber grating having said third defect, and being disposed at said third intersection area; and

said fourth passive chiral defect structure comprises at least one sixth chiral fiber grating having said fourth defect, and being disposed at said fourth intersection area.

31. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 30, wherein:

each of said at least one fifth chiral defect fiber grating and said at least one sixth chiral defect fiber grating, comprises at least one of;

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

32. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 29, wherein:

said third passive chiral defect structure comprises a third cholesteric liquid crystal element, having said third defect, and being positioned at said third intersection area; and

said fourth passive chiral defect structure comprises a fourth cholesteric liquid crystal element, having said fourth defect, and being positioned at said fourth intersection area.

33. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 32, wherein each of said third and fourth cholesteric liquid crystal elements is a film.

34. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 29, wherein:

said third defect comprises at least one of;

spacing between two portions of said third passive chiral defect structure, additional dielectric material between two portions of said third passive chiral defect structure, and an axial twist between two portions of said third passive chiral defect structure; and

said fourth defect comprises at least one of;

spacing between two portions of said fourth passive chiral defect structure, additional dielectric material between two portions of said fourth passive chiral defect structure, and an axial twist between two portions of said fourth passive chiral defect structure.

35. The add-drop passive optical filter of claim 29, wherein said input line is optically connected to said twenty-seventh end, said twenty-sixth end is optically connected to said thirty-first end, said add line is optically connected to said twenty-fifth end, said twenty-eighth end is optically connected to said twenty-ninth end, said drop line is optically connected to said thirtieth end, and said output line is connected to said thirty-second end.

36. A passive chiral coupler for separating at least a portion of a target signal at a target wavelength from a main signal, comprising:

a first fiber element having a first end and a second end and a second fiber element comprising a third end and a fourth end, wherein said first fiber element comprises a first coupling section between said first and second ends, wherein said second fiber element comprises a second coupling section between said third and fourth ends, and wherein said first and second coupling sections are proximal to one another; and

first passive chiral coupling means of a first handedness, disposed at at least one of said first and second coupling sections, for redirecting a first handedness component of the target signal at the target wavelength, and for passing a second handedness component of the target signal and the main signal therethrough.

37. The chiral coupler of claim 36, wherein said first passive chiral coupling means comprises a first passive chiral structure of said first handedness and having said predetermined redirection band at said target wavelength, said first passive chiral structure being operable to passively:

redirect a first handedness component of the target signal at said target wavelength traveling in a first direction in one of said first and second fiber elements into the other of said first and second fiber elements in a second direction; and

pass said second handedness component of the target signal and the main signal through said one of said first and second fiber elements.

38. The passive chiral coupler of claim 37, wherein said first passive chiral structure comprises at least one first chiral fiber grating disposed at at least one of said first and said second coupling sections.

39. The passive chiral coupler of claim 38, wherein:

said at least one first chiral fiber grating comprises one of;

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

40. The passive chiral coupler of claim 37, wherein said first passive chiral fiber structure comprises said first and said second coupling sections configured as a first common chiral fiber grating structure.

41. The passive chiral coupler of claim 40, wherein said first common chiral fiber grating structure comprises one of:

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

42. A passive chiral coupler for separating at least a portion of a target signal at a target wavelength from a main signal, comprising:

a first fiber element having a first end and a second end and a second fiber element comprising a third end and a fourth end, wherein said first fiber element comprises a first coupling section between said first and second ends, wherein said second fiber element comprises a second coupling section between said third and fourth ends, and wherein said first and second coupling sections are proximal to one another; and

first defect passive chiral coupling means of a first handedness, disposed at at least one of said first and second coupling sections, for redirecting the target signal at the target wavelength matching a defect wavelength, for splitting the main signals into first and second handedness components, for redirecting said first handedness main signal component, and for passing said second handedness main signal component therethrough.

43. The passive chiral coupler of claim 42, wherein said first defect passive chiral coupling means comprises a first passive chiral defect structure of said first handedness, having said predetermined redirection band at the target wavelength and a first defect at said defect wavelength, said first passive chiral defect structure being operable to:

redirect the target signal traveling in a first direction in one of said first and second fiber elements into the other of said first and second fiber elements in a second direction;

split the main signal into said first and second handedness components;

redirect said first handedness component of the main signal traveling in said first direction in one of said first and second fiber elements into the other of said first and second fiber elements in said second direction; and

pass said second handedness components of the main signal through said one of said first and second fiber elements.

44. The passive chiral coupler of claim 43, wherein said first passive chiral defect structure comprises at least one second chiral fiber grating having said first defect, and being disposed at at least one of said first and second coupling sections.

45. The passive chiral coupler of claim 44, wherein said at least one second passive chiral defect fiber grating comprises one of:

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

46. The passive chiral coupler of claim 43, wherein said first passive chiral defect structure comprises said first and second coupling sections configured as a common chiral defect fiber grating structure.

47. The passive chiral coupler of claim 46, wherein said common chiral defect fiber grating structure comprises one of:

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

48. The passive chiral coupler of claim 43, wherein said first defect comprises at least one of:

spacing between two portions of said first passive chiral defect structure, additional dielectric material between two portions of said first passive chiral defect structure, and an axial twist between two portions of said first passive chiral defect structure.

51. The passive chiral coupler of claim 48, wherein said first passive chiral structure comprises at least one first chiral fiber grating disposed at said first intersection area.

52. The passive chiral coupler of claim 51, wherein said at least one first chiral fiber grating comprises at least one of:

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

53. The passive chiral coupler of claim 51, wherein said first passive chiral fiber structure comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal element positioned at said first intersection area.

54. The passive chiral coupler of claim 51, wherein said cholesteric liquid crystal element is a film.

49. A passive chiral coupler for separating at least a portion of a target signal at a target wavelength from a main signal, comprising:

a first fiber element having a first end and a second end and a second fiber element comprising a third end and a fourth end, wherein said first and second fiber elements intersect with one another at a first intersection area; and

first passive chiral coupling means of a first handedness, disposed at said first intersection area, for redirecting a first handedness component of the target signal at the target wavelength, and for passing a second handedness component of the target signal and the main signal therethrough.

50. The passive chiral coupler of claim 49, wherein said first passive chiral coupling means comprises a first passive chiral structure of said first handedness and having said predetermined redirection band at said target wavelength, said first passive chiral structure being operable to passively:

redirect a first handedness component of the target signal at said target wavelength traveling in a first direction in one of said first and second fiber elements into the other of said first and second fiber elements in a second direction; and

pass said second handedness component of the target signal and the main signal through said one of said first and second fiber elements.

55. A passive chiral coupler for separating at least a portion of a target signal at a target wavelength from a main signal, comprising:

a first fiber element having a first end and a second end and a second fiber element comprising a third end and a fourth end, wherein said first and second fiber elements intersect with one another at a first intersection area; and

first defect passive chiral coupling means of a first handedness, disposed at said first intersection area, for redirecting the target signal at the target wavelength matching a defect wavelength, for splitting the main signals into first and second handedness components, for redirecting said first handedness main signal component, and for passing said second handedness main signal component therethrough.

56. The passive chiral coupler of claim 55, wherein said first defect passive chiral coupling means comprises a first passive chiral structure of said first handedness and having said predetermined redirection band at the target wavelength and a first defect at said defect wavelength, said first passive chiral defect structure being operable to passively:

redirect the target signal traveling in a first direction in one of said first and second fiber elements into the other of said first and second fiber elements in a second direction;

split the main signal into said first and second handedness components;

redirect said first handedness component of the main signal traveling in said first direction in one of said first and second fiber elements into the other of said first and second fiber elements in said second direction; and

pass said second handedness components of the main signal through said one of said first and second fiber elements.

57. The passive chiral coupler of claim 56, wherein said first passive chiral structure comprises at least one first chiral fiber grating having said first defect, and being disposed at said first intersection area.

58. The passive chiral coupler of claim 57, wherein said at least one first chiral defect fiber grating comprises at least one of:

a chiral fiber bragg grating and a chiral fiber long period grating.

59. The passive chiral coupler of claim 56, wherein said first passive chiral defect structure comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal element positioned at said first intersection area.

60. The passive chiral coupler of claim 59, wherein said cholesteric liquid crystal element is a film.

61. The passive chiral coupler of claim 56, wherein said first defect comprises at least one of:

spacing between two portions of said first passive chiral defect structure, additional dielectric material between two portions of said first passive chiral defect structure, and an axial twist between two portions of said first passive chiral defect structure.

62. A method for subtracting a drop signal from a target wavelength channel of a multi-channel main input signal and adding an add signal into said target wavelength channel, comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a pair of passive chiral couplers, each said passive chiral coupler each having a predetermined redirection band and being optically connected to one another and to at least one of input, add, and drop lines

(b) passively separating, by at least one of said pair of passive chiral couplers, the drop signal from the main input signal to generate a modified main signal;

(c) passively directing, by at least one of said pair of passive chiral couplers, the drop signal into said drop line;

(d) passively adding, by at least one of said pair of passive chiral couplers, the add signal to said modified main signal to generate an output signal; and

(e) providing an output line for receiving and transmitting said output signal from said passive chiral coupler pair.

63. A method, implemented in a passive chiral coupler, for separating at least a portion of a target signal at a target wavelength from a main signal comprising the steps of:

(a) passively redirecting a first handedness component of the target signal at the target wavelength; and

(b) passively passing a second handedness component of the target signal and the main signal therethrough.

64. A method, implemented in a passive chiral defect coupler, for separating at least a portion of a target signal at a target wavelength from a main signal comprising the steps of:

(a) passively redirecting the target signal at the target wavelength matching a defect wavelength;

(b) passively splitting the main signals into first and second handedness components;

(c) passively redirecting said first handedness main signal component; and

(d) passively passing said second handedness main signal component therethrough.