Secure oblivious watermarking using key-dependent mapping functions

• US 6,901,514 B1
• Filed: 06/01/2000
• Issued: 05/31/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 06/01/1999
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Google LLC (Alphabet Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Digital Video Express LP
• Inventors: Chu, Wai, Iu, Siu-Leong
• Primary Examiner(s): Song, Hosuk
• Application Number:
  US09/583,903
• Time in Patent Office: 1,825 Days
• Field of Search: 713/176, 713/200, 380200-201, 380252-254, 380/210, 380/287, 380/51, 380/54, 382/100, 382/135, 382250-251, 382/232, 382/280, 705/50, 705/57, 705/59, 705/405
• US Class Current: 713/176
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/005 Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0052 Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0065 Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0083 whereby only watermarked image required at decoder, e.g. source-based, blind, oblivious
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32154 Transform domain methods H04N1/32309 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32165 using cosine transforms
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32187 with selective or adaptive application of the additional information, e.g. in selected frequency coefficients
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/328 Processing of the additional information

Abstract

A method for embedding a watermark into content is disclosed. The content contains content samples. The method including the steps of: receiving the content, creating a continuous watermark sequence from the watermark, and for each content sample in a first predetermined order: calculating a sample mean, calculating a sample variance, and normalizing the content. Further steps include generating a set of content coefficients from the content, generating a set of watermark coefficients from the watermark sequence, embedding the watermark in the content by adjusting the amplitude of the watermark coefficients so that the distortion between the content coefficients and the associated watermark coefficients are minimized using a secret mapping function, and outputting the content. The mapping functions may be controlled by a key-dependent random sequence to protect the watermarks.

Claims

1. A method for embedding a watermark into content, said content containing content samples, comprising the steps of:

(a) receiving said content;

(b) creating a continuous watermark sequence from said watermark;

(c) for each content sample in a first predetermined order;

(i) calculating a sample mean;

(ii) calculating a sample variance; and

(iii) normalizing said content;

(d) generating a set of content coefficients from said content;

(e) generating a set of watermark coefficients from said watermark sequence;

(f) embedding said watermark in said content by adjusting the amplitude of said watermark coefficients so that the distortion between the content coefficients and the associated watermark coefficients are minimized using a secret mapping function; and

(g) outputting said content.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said step of embedding said watermark in said content is performed by adjusting the watermark coefficients sequentially in a second predetermined order.

3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said digital content is an image and said content sample is a pixel.

4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said secret mapping function has parameters, and said parameters are controlled by one or more key-dependent sequences.

5. The method according to claim 4 wherein said key-dependent sequences are key-dependent random sequences.

6. The method according to claim 4 wherein at least one of said key-dependent sequences are uniformly distributed.

7. The method according to claim 4 wherein at least one of said key-dependent sequences is continuous.

8. The method according to claim 4 wherein at least one of said key-dependent sequences is secret.

9. The method according to claim 1 wherein each watermark coefficient may have a different quantization step size.

10. The method according to claim 1 wherein said secret mapping function is a sawtoothed function.

11. The method according to claim 1 wherein said secret mapping function is a triangle mapping function.

12. The method according to claim 1 wherein said secret mapping function is a binary function using randomized quantization steps.

13. The method according to claim 1 wherein said secret mapping function is generated by a program.

14. The method according to claim 1 wherein said secret mapping function is continuous.

15. The method according to claim 1 wherein said secret mapping function is piecewise continuous.

16. The method according to claim 1 wherein said secret mapping function is a look-up table.

17. The method according to claim 1 wherein said secret mapping function is a pixel based function.

18. The method according to claim 1 wherein said first predetermined order is a r aster scan order.

19. The method according to claim 2 wherein said second predetermined order is a zig-zag order.

20. A method for extracting a watermark sequence from watermarked content comprising the steps of:

(a) receiving watermarked content comprising received coefficients;

(b) generating an estimated watermark determined by received coefficients, and a mapping function;

(c) generating a watermark sequence using a correlation function, said correlation function using the watermarked content, the estimated watermark, a scaling factor, and a weight ing factor per a predetermined equation; and

(d) outputting the watermark sequence.

21. An apparatus for extracting a watermark sequence from watermarked content comprising:

(a) a noise source;

(b) a key dependent sequencer;

(c) a mapping function having parameters, at least one of said parameters receiving input from said key dependent sequencer;

(d) a watermark estimator, said watermark estimator generating a watermark estimate from the watermarked content, and the mapping function

(e) a scale factor;

(f) a weight factor; and

(g) a correlator, said correlator generating the watermark sequence from the watermarked content, the scale factor, the weight factor and the water mark estimate.

22. A n apparatus for embedding a watermark data into content including:

(a) a content preprocessor, said content preprocessor further including;

(i) a mean calculator; and

(ii) a variance calculator;

(b) a content coefficient generator for generating content coefficients from the preprocessed content;

(c) a watermark sequence generator for generating a watermark sequence from the watermark data;

(d) a watermark coefficient generator for generating watermark coefficients from the watermark sequence; and

(e) a watermark inserter for generating watermarked content.

23. An apparatus according to claim 22, wherein said watermark inserter further includes:

(a) a key dependent sequencer,

(b) a secret mapping function device, said secret mapping function device receiving input from said key dependent sequencer; and

(c) a coefficient modifier for generating watermarked content by adjusting the amplitude of the watermark coefficients so that the distortion between the content coefficients and the associated watermark coefficients are minimized using the secret mapping function device.