Lithium anodes for electrochemical cells

• US 6,936,381 B2
• Filed: 08/06/2004
• Issued: 08/30/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 11/23/1999
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Sion Power Corporation
• Original Assignee: Moltech Corporation
• Inventors: Skotheim, Terje A., Sheehan, Christopher J., Mikhaylik, Yuriy V., Affinito, John
• Primary Examiner(s): Cantelmo, Gregg
• Application Number:
  US10/913,839
• Publication Number:
  US 20050008935A1
• Time in Patent Office: 389 Days
• Field of Search: 429/218.1, 429/231.95, 429/245, 429/322, 429/216
• US Class Current: 429/231.95
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/052 Li-accumulators
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/134 Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/366 as layered products
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/38 of elements or alloys
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/387 Tin or alloys based on tin
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/42 Alloys based on zinc
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/46 Alloys based on magnesium or aluminium
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/463 Aluminium based
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/466 Magnesium based
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/58 of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/5825 Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/66 Selection of materials
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/661 Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings H01M4/669 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/663 containing carbon or carbonaceous materials as conductive part, e.g. graphite, carbon fibres
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/666 in the form of mixed materials H01M4/668 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/667 in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 50/409 Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 6/16 with organic electrolyte H01M6/18 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

Provided is an anode for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode active layer has a first layer comprising lithium metal and a multi-layer structure comprising single ion conducting layers and crosslinked polymer layers in contact with the first layer comprising lithium metal or in contact with an intermediate protective layer, such as a temporary protective metal layer, on the surface of the lithium-containing first layer. The anodes of the current invention are particularly useful in electrochemical cells comprising sulfur-containing cathode active materials, such as elemental sulfur.

Claims

1. An anode of an electrochemical cell, wherein the anode comprises:

(i) a first anode active layer comprising lithium metal;

(ii) a multi-layer structure in contact with a surface layer of the first anode active layer, wherein the multi-layer structure comprises three or more layers, wherein at least one of the three or more layers comprises a non-electronically conductive single ion conducting layer and at least another one of the three or more layers comprises a polymer layer; and

wherein the first anode active layer further comprises an intermediate layer selected from the group consisting of temporary protective metal layers and plasma CO₂ treatment layers, wherein the intermediate layer is interposed between said first anode active layer and the multi-layered structure.

2. The anode of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the first anode active layer is 2 to 100 microns.

3. The anode of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the multi-layer structure is 0.5 to 10 microns.

4. The anode of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the multi-layer structure is 1 to 5 microns.

5. The anode of claim 1, wherein the multi-layer structure comprises four or more layers.

6. The anode of claim 1, wherein the multi-layer structure further comprises a metal alloy layer formed between the non-electronically conductive single ion conducting layer and the polymer layer, wherein the metal alloy comprises a metal selected from one or more of the group consisting of Zn, Mg, Sn, and Al.

7. The anode of claim 6, wherein the single ion conducting layer of the multi-layer structure comprises a glass selected from one or more of the group consisting of lithium silicates, lithium borates, lithium aluminates, lithium phosphates, lithium phosphorus oxynitrides, lithium silicosulfides, lithium germanosulfides, lithium lanthanum oxides, lithium tantalum oxides, lithium niobium oxides, lithium titanium oxides, lithium borosulfides, lithium alumino sulfides, and lithium phosphosulfides, and combinations thereof.

8. The anode of claim 6, wherein the single ion conducting layer of said multi-layer structure comprises a lithium phosphorus oxynitride.

9. The anode of claim 1, wherein the polymer layer of the multi-layer structure comprises a polymer layer formed from the polymerization of one or more acrylate monomers selected from the group consisting of alkyl acrylates, glycol acrylates, and polyglycol acrylates.

10. The anode of claim 1, wherein the anode further comprises a substrate, wherein the substrate is in contact with a surface of the first anode active layer on the side opposite to the multi-layered structure.

11. The anode of claim 10, wherein the substrate is selected from one or more of the group consisting of metal foils, polymer films, metallized polymer films, electrically conductive polymer films, polymer films having an electrically conductive coating, electrically conductive polymer films having an electrically conductive metal coating, and polymer films having conductive particles dispersed therein.