Injection locking using direct digital tuning

• US 6,963,249 B2
• Filed: 08/12/2003
• Issued: 11/08/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 08/12/2002
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Smsc Holdings Sarl (Microchip Technology Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: ENQ Semiconductor, Inc.
• Inventors: Devries, Christopher Andrew, Mason, Ralph Dickson
• Primary Examiner(s): Mis, David
• Application Number:
  US10/639,543
• Publication Number:
  US 20040036538A1
• Time in Patent Office: 819 Days
• Field of Search: 331/10, 331/16, 331/25, 331/34, 331/38.C, 331 53- 55, 331/117.R, 331/117.FE, 331/117.D, 331/158, 331/172, 331/175, 331/177.V, 331/179, 331/47
• US Class Current: 331/47
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1215 the current source or degeneration circuit being in common to both transistors of the pair, e.g. a cross-coupled long-tailed pair
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1228 the amplifier comprising one or more field effect transistors
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1243 the means comprising voltage variable capacitance diodes
• CPC Class Codes: H03L 7/24 using a reference signal directly applied to the generator

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of electronics and more particularly to the tuning and injection locking of voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs). An improved injection locking circuit is provided which allows the VCO to injection lock with a smaller reference signal and therefore a smaller locking bandwidth (LBW). In order to allow the VCO to injection lock with a lower power reference signal, this invention includes a pre-tuning algorithm to place the VCO frequency such that the desired frequency is in the LBW. Tuning of the VCO is achieved using direct digital tuning that does not require an input reference. Injection locking is performed using a low frequency clock harmonic as the reference signal. More specifically, tuning is accomplished by sub-sampling and digitizing the output signal of the VCO, determining the center frequency, and adjusting the VCO control voltage.

Claims

1. A method of digitally pre-tuning and injection locking a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) having an output of a specified frequency, said method comprising the steps of:

(a) digitally pre-tuning said VCO to within a specified locking bandwidth (LBW);

(b) injecting an input reference signal into said VCO; and

(c) locking said VCO to said input reference signal,

wherein the step of digitally pre-tuning comprises the steps of;

(i) digitizing said VCO output;

(ii) determining said VCO output frequency;

(iii) adjusting said VCO output frequency; and

(iv) repeating steps (a) to (c) until a desired oscillation frequency is reached.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining further comprises the step of calculating a center frequency (f_c) associated with said VCO with a microcontroller.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of determining further comprises the step of determining if said calculated center frequency (f_c) is within a desired locking bandwidth (LBW).

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of digitizing further comprises the step of sub-sampling said VCO output with an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC).

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of calculating further comprises the step of performing a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) with said microcontroller on said sub-sampled VCO output.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the step of calculating further comprises the step of removing any interference from said VCO output.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of adjusting further includes the step of generating digital control signals with said microcontroller.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the step of adjusting further includes the step of converting said digital control signals to analogue signals with a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC).

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of digitizing further comprises the step of sampling a varying intermediate frequency (IF).

10. The method according to claim 1 wherein said step of injecting comprises injecting the Nth harmonic of a low frequency crystal oscillator.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the step of locking further comprises the step of locking to said Nth harmonic.

12. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of calculating further comprises the step of performing a digital down conversion of said sub-sampled VCO output.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of calculating further comprises measuring the phase shift between each sample of said sub-sampled VCO output.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining further comprises the step of calculating a center frequency (f_c) associated with said VCO using digital circuitry.

15. A circuit for digitally pre-tuning and injection locking a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) comprising:

(a) a reference oscillator for producing a low frequency clock harmonic;

(b) a VCO electrically connected to said reference oscillator; and

(c) a feedback circuit electrically connected to said VCO for digitally pre-tuning said VCO prior to receipt of said low frequency clock harmonic by said VCO.

16. The circuit of claim 15 wherein said reference oscillator is a low frequency crystal oscillator.

17. The circuit of claim 15 wherein said circuit is a radio transceiver circuit.

18. The circuit of claim 15 wherein said feedback circuit comprises an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC), a microcontroller and a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC), and wherein a control signal is produced in said microcontroller and sent to said VCO.

19. The circuit of claim 18 wherein said VCO is a radio frequency (RF) VCO.

20. The circuit of claim 19 wherein said RF VCO further comprises a tank circuit.

21. The circuit of claim 20 wherein said tank circuit comprises at least two variable capacitors having an associated control voltage, and wherein said control voltage is adjusted by said DAC.

22. The circuit of claim 20 wherein said tank circuit comprises a set of switched capacitor banks having an associated control voltage, and wherein said control voltage is adjusted by said DAC.

23. The circuit of claim 21 wherein said tank circuit is electrically connected to a first pair of differential transistors having a negative impedance associated therewith, and wherein said negative impedance serves to cancel any electrical losses associated with said tank circuit.

24. The circuit of claim 23 wherein said tank circuit in combination with said first pair of differential transistors form an oscillator.

25. The circuit of claim 21 wherein said tank circuit is electrically connected to a second pair of differential transistors for converting said reference input signal to a current, and wherein said current is injected into said tank circuit.

26. The circuit of claim 25 wherein said current is added to a current signal associated with said tank circuit.

27. The circuit of claim 15 wherein said feedback circuit comprises an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC), digital circuitry and a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC), and wherein a control signal is produced in said digital circuitry and sent to said VCO.