Self validating security documents utilizing watermarks

• US 6,970,573 B2
• Filed: 11/09/2001
• Issued: 11/29/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 08/09/1995
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Original Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Inventors: Carr, Jonathan Scott, Rhoads, Geoffrey B., Perry, Burt W.
• Primary Examiner(s): Johns, Andrew W.
• Application Number:
  US10/011,129
• Publication Number:
  US 20020061120A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,481 Days
• Field of Search: 382/100, 382/232, 380/51, 380/54, 380/55, 358/3.28, 713/176, 340/5.86, 356/71, 283/72, 283/74, 283/75, 283/77, 283/78, 283/85, 283/113, 283/901
• US Class Current: 382/100
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 45/1418 the inserts being deformed or preformed, e.g. by the injection pressure
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/00 Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof printing processes to produce identification or security features B41M3/14
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/21 for multiple purposes
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/23 Identity cards
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/24 Passports
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/313 Fingerprints
• CPC Class Codes: B42D 25/333 Watermarks
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 16/955 using information identifiers, e.g. uniform resource locators [URL]
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 1/121 by printing code marks applying code marks to labels B65C9/46; marking or coding completed packages B65B61/26
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/06037 multi-dimensional coding
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/06046 Constructional details
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/14 the marking being sensed by radiation
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 2019/06253 for a specific application
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 7/1417 2D bar codes
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 7/1447 extracting optical codes from image or text carrying said optical code
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/341 Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 20/40145 Biometric identity checks
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0071 using multiple or alternating watermarks
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 2209/41 with means for the generation of identity documents
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 9/257 : electronically G07C9/26 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/0034 : using watermarks
• CPC Class Codes: G07D 7/004 : using digital security elements, e.g. information coded on a magnetic thread or strip
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/086 : by passive credit-cards adapted therefor, e.g. constructive particularities to avoid counterfeiting, e.g. by inclusion of a physical or chemical security-layer for security documents G07D7/00; for the reading of record-carriers in general G06K7/00; for the design of coded credit-cards G06K19/10
• CPC Class Codes: G07F 7/1008 : Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system
• CPC Class Codes: G10L 19/018 : Audio watermarking, i.e. embedding inaudible data in the audio signal
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00891 : embedded in audio data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/00846 : based on detection of a dedicated indication, e.g. marks or the like
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32144 : embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32203 : Spatial or amplitude domain methods H04N1/32309 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32208 : involving changing the magnitude of selected pixels, e.g. overlay of information or super-imposition H04N1/32219, H04N1/32224 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32219 : involving changing the position of selected pixels, e.g. word shifting, or involving modulating the size of image components, e.g. of characters H04N1/32224 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32261 : in binary data H04N1/32256 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32304 : Embedding different sets of additional information
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3205 : of identification information, e.g. name or ID code H04N2201/3209 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3207 : of an address
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3226 : of identification information or the like, e.g. ID code, index, title, part of an image, reduced-size image
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 : of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3235 : Checking or certification of the authentication information, e.g. by comparison with data stored independently
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3239 : using a plurality of different authentication information
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 : which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3271 : Printing or stamping

Abstract

A passport or other document is steganographically encoded with two steganographic digital watermarks. Data conveyed by these watermarks can be cross-checked for expected correspondence to help authenticate the document. The document may also include other machine-readable features, such as a bar code, a magnetic stripe, or OCR-B text. These other machine-readable features can likewise convey data that can be cross-checked for expected correspondence with watermark-conveyed data. In one arrangement, four machine-readable features are provided (two watermarks and two others), three of which convey data relating to a passport identifier, and a different three of which convey data relating to a document batch number. Such logical linking between several machine-readable features allows tampering with any feature to be readily detected. A variety of related methods and apparatuses, some involving a third watermark and biometric data, are also detailed.

Claims

1. A security document for a user, said security document having multiple fields, a plurality of said fields containing hidden watermark data, the data in at least one of said fields identifying a physical characteristic of said user, the hidden data in at least two of said fields being coordinated such that if the data in one of said fields is changed without changing the other of said fields it will indicate that said security document has been altered.

2. An object comprising a substrate having thereon at least two regions, a first of said regions comprising a human-perceptible image with first plural-bit data steganographic ally encoded therein, a second of said regions comprising a background having unobtrusive markings arrayed there-across and also comprising text amidst said background, the markings in the second region encoding second plural-bit data, said first and second plural-bit data being coordinated.

3. The object of claim 2 in which the second plural-bit data is different than the first plural-bit data.

4. The object of claim 2 wherein one of said plural-bit data correlates to a physical characteristic of a user.

5. An object comprising a substrate having thereon a photographic image and a graphic that is not a photographic image, characterized in that both the photographic image and the graphic are encoded to steganographically convey plural-bit data, wherein the photographic image and the graphic are encoded to convey different but coordinated data.

6. An object comprising a substrate having thereon a photographic image and a graphic that is not a photographic image, characterized in that both the photographic image and the graphic are encoded to steganographically convey plural-bit data, wherein the photographic image and the graphic are separately encoded, but comprise at least some redundant data.

7. A security document comprising:

a substrate having a portion conveying a steganographic digital watermark, the substrate having another, different portion conveying another, different stegano graphic digital watermark, the substrate also having a machine-readable feature distinct from said digital watermarks, said machine-readable feature conveying data relating to a document identifier;

a first of said digital watermarks conveying data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with the document identifier, permitting data from said machine-readable feature and said first of said digital watermarks to be checked for expected correspondence so as to identify a document as potentially suspect; and

said first of said watermarks also conveying data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data conveyed by a second of said digital watermarks, permitting data from said first of said digital watermarks and said second of said digital watermarks to be checked for expected correspondence so as to identify a document as potentially suspect.

8. A photographic identification document according to claim 7 wherein:

the substrate conveys a photographic image having one of said digital watermarks encoded therein; and

the substrate has a background portion having the other of said watermarks encoded therein.

9. The document of claim 7 which each of said watermarks is embodied in a manner permitting decoding from scan data produced by visible light scanning of the document.

10. The document of claim 7 in which the document includes a watermark conveying hash data.

11. The document of claim 7 in which both said first and second watermarks convey data related to a batch number of the document.

12. The document of claim 7 in which substrate includes first and second different machine-readable features, selected from the group consisting of a bar-code, OCR-B text, and a magnetic stripe, wherein one of said features conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data carried by the first watermark, and the other of said features conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data carried by the second watermark.

13. The document of claim 12 in which the first feature conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data carried by the first watermark, and the second feature conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data carried by the second watermark.

14. The document of claim 13 in which the first feature comprises OCR-B text.

15. The document of claim 13 in which the second feature comprises a bar-code.

16. The document of claim 7 in which the substrate includes at least four machine-readable features:

the first watermark;

the second watermark;

a third feature; and

a fourth feature;

and wherein data related to a first parameter logically links a group of three of said features, and data related to a second parameter logically links a different group of three of said features.

17. The document of claim 16 in which the third feature comprises OCR-B text.

18. The document of claim 16 in which the fourth feature comprises a bar code.

19. The document of claim 16 in which:

data related to a first parameter logically links the two watermarks and one of the third or fourth features; and

data related to the second parameter logically links the third feature, the fourth feature, and one of the two watermarks.

20. The document of claim 19 in which the first parameter is a document identifier.

21. The document of claim 20 in which data related to the document identifier logically links the third feature, the fourth feature, and one of the watermarks.

22. The document of claim 19 in which the second parameter is a batch number.

23. The document of claim 22 in which data related to the batch number logically links the two watermarks and the third feature.

24. The document of claim 7 in which the first watermark conveys said document identifier, and the second watermark conveys data produced by processing said identifier in accordance with an algorithm.

25. The document of claim 24 in which the second watermark conveys data produced by processing said identifier in accordance with a cryptographic algorithm.

26. The document of claim 7 in which the substrate also conveys biometric hash data corresponding to a person depicted in the photographic image.

27. The document of claim 26 in which said biometric hash data is conveyed in a steganographic digital watermark formed on the substrate.

28. The document of claim 27 in which the biometric hash data is conveyed by a steganographic digital watermark distinct from said first and second digital watermarks.

29. A printed article having a substrate conveying at least four machine-readable features:

a first steganographic digital watermark;

a second, different, steganographic digital watermark;

a third feature; and

a fourth feature;

wherein a first set comprising three of said features are logically linked by reference to first data, and a second set comprising a different three of said features are logically linked by reference to second, different data.

30. The article of claim 29 in which:

the first data is an identifier;

one feature in said first set conveys said identifier; and

a second feature in said first set conveys data produced by processing said identifier in accordance with an algorithm.

31. The article of claim 30 in which said second feature in said first set conveys data produced by processing said identifier in accordance with a cryptographic algorithm.

32. The article of claim 29 wherein one of said third or fourth features comprises magnetic stripe media.

33. The article of claim 29 in which each of said watermarks is embodied in a manner permitting decoding from scan data produced by visible light scanning of the article.

34. The article of claim 29 in which the substrate conveys a watermark conveying hash data.

35. A photo identification document according to claim 29, wherein the substrate is printed with a photographic image that conveys one of said digital watermarks.

36. The document of claim 35 in which the substrate also conveys biometric hash data corresponding to a person depicted in the photographic image.

37. The document of claim 36 in which said biometric hash data is conveyed in a steganographic digital watermark formed on the substrate.

38. The document of claim 37 in which the biometric hash data is conveyed by a digital watermark distinct from said first and second digital watermarks.

39. A printed article comprising:

a substrate having a portion conveying a first steganographic digital watermark;

the substrate having another, different portion conveying a second, different steganographic digital watermark;

the first and second steganographic digital watermarks conveying data permitting cross-checking therebetween to aid in ascertaining the authenticity of the article.

40. The article of claim 39 wherein:

the substrate also conveys a machine-readable feature distinct from said digital watermarks, said machine-readable feature conveying an identifier;

the first of said watermarks conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with the identifier, permitting said machine-readable feature and said first watermark to be checked for expected correspondence;

the first of said watermarks also conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data conveyed by the second of said watermarks, permitting said first and second watermarks to be checked for expected correspondence.

41. The article of claim 40 in which the first watermark conveys said identifier, and the second watermark conveys data produced by processing said identifier in accordance with an algorithm.

42. The article of claim 41 in which the second watermark conveys data produced by processing said identifier in accordance with a cryptographic algorithm.

43. A photo identification document according to claim 41.

44. The document of claim 43 in which the second watermark is encoded in a background portion of said document.

45. The article of claim 39 in which each of said watermarks is embodied in a manner permitting decoding from scan data produced by visible light scanning of the article.

46. The article of claim 39 in which the article includes a watermark conveying hash data.

47. The article of claim 39 in which both said first and second watermarks convey data related to a batch number of the article.

48. The article of claim 39 in which substrate includes two different machine-readable features selected from the group consisting of a bar-code, OCR-B text, and magnetic stripe, wherein one feature conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data carried by the first watermark, and the other feature conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data carried by the second watermark.

49. The article of claim 48 in which one of said features conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data carried by the first watermark, and the other of said features conveys data that corresponds in a predetermined manner with data carried by the second watermark.

50. The article of claim 39 in which the substrate includes at least four machine-readable features:

the first watermark;

the second watermark;

a third feature; and

a fourth feature;

wherein data related to a first parameter logically links a group of three of said features, and data related to a second parameter logically links a different group of three of said features.

51. The article of claim 50 in which:

data related to a first parameter logically links the two watermarks and one of the third or fourth features; and

data related to the second parameter logically links the third feature, the fourth feature, and one of the two watermarks.

52. The article of claim 50 in which the first parameter is a document identifier.

53. The article of claim 52 in which data related to the document identifier logically links the third feature, the fourth feature, and one of the watermarks.

54. The article of claim 50 in which the second parameter is a batch number.

55. The article of claim 54 in which data related to the batch number logically links the two watermarks and the third feature.

56. A photo identification document according to claim 39, wherein the substrate is printed with a photographic image that conveys one of said digital watermarks.

57. The document of claim 56 in which the substrate also conveys biometric hash data corresponding to a person depicted in the photographic image.

58. The document of claim 57 in which said biometric hash data is conveyed in a steganographic digital watermark formed on the substrate.

59. The document of claim 58 in which the biometric hash data is conveyed by a digital watermark distinct from said first and second digital watermarks.

60. A method of creating a photo identification document using a substrate, comprising:

receiving an encoded photographic image, wherein the encoded photographic image comprises a steganographic digital watermark conveying a first payload;

printing on the substrate, in a first region thereof, said encoded photographic image;

forming on the substrate, in a second region thereof, another steganographic digital watermark conveying a second payload, the second region having at least a portion not encompassed by the first region;

wherein the two watermark payloads convey data permitting cross-checking therebetween to identify a document as potentially suspect.

61. The method of claim 60 in which the first and second regions do not overlap.

62. The method of claim 60 that includes forming on the substrate a first machine readable feature distinct from said watermarks, said feature conveying data that can be checked for expected correspondence with data conveyed by a first of said watermarks.

63. The method of claim 62 that includes forming on the substrate a second machine readable feature distinct from said watermarks and said first machine readable feature, said second feature conveying data that can be checked for expected correspondence with data conveyed by the second of said watermarks.

64. The method of claim 60 that includes forming on said document at least four machine-readable features:

a first steganographic digital watermark;

a second steganographic digital watermark;

a third feature; and

a fourth feature

wherein data related to a first parameter logically links a group of three of said features, and data related to a second parameter logically links a different group of three of said features.

65. A method of checking a photo identification document, comprising:

decoding first payload data from a steganographic digital watermark encoded in a first region of the document;

decoding second payload data from a steganographic digital watermark whose encoding spans an area outside said first region; and

checking for expected correspondence between said first and second payload data to determine whether the document is suspect.

66. The method of claim 65 that includes processing data from the first payload with an algorithm to yield processed data, and checking to confirm that data from the second payload matches said processed data.

67. The method of claim 65 includes reading data from a first machine readable feature on the document, and checking for expected correspondence between said read data and payload data from one of said watermarks.

68. The method of claim 67 that includes reading data from a second machine readable feature on the document, and checking for expected correspondence between said read data and payload data from the other of said watermarks.

69. A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions causing a programmable processor to perform the method of claim 65.

70. A system for creating a photo identification document using a substrate, comprising:

a first encoder for encoding a photographic image with a steganographic digital watermark conveying a first payload;

a printer for printing in a first region of the substrate said encoded photographic image, and for printing in a second region of the substrate a pattern having a second steganographic digital watermark conveying a second payload, the second region having at least a portion not encompassed by the first region;

wherein the two watermark payloads convey data permitting cross-checking therebetween to identify a document as potentially suspect.

71. A system for checking a photo identification document, comprising:

a scanner for visible light scanning of the document to produce scan data corresponding thereto;

a watermark decoder for processing said scan data to decode first payload data from a steganographic digital watermark encoded in a first region of the document;

said watermark decoder also processing said scan data to decode second payload data from a steganographic digital watermark whose encoding spans an area outside said first region; and

a processor for checking for expected correspondence between said first and second payload data to determine whether the document is suspect.

72. A physical article comprising:

a first portion conveying first steganographic encoding; and

a second portion conveying second, different steganographic encoding,

the first and second steganographic encoding conveying data permitting cross-checking there between to aid in ascertaining authenticity of the article.

73. The article of claim 72, wherein the article comprises a photo identification document.

74. The article of claim 72, wherein at least one of the first and second steganographic encoding comprises digital watermarking.

75. An apparatus to analyze an identification document, comprising:

a decoder to process scan data to decode first payload data from steganographic encoding encoded in a first region of the document;

said decoder to also process scan data to decode second, different payload data from steganographic encoding whose encoding spans an area outside said first region; and

a comparator to check for an expected correspondence between said first and second payload data.

76. The system of claim 75, wherein the steganographic encoding comprises digital watermarking.

77. The system of claim 75, wherein said decoder and said comparator each comprise software modules.

78. The system of claim 75, wherein said comparator further checks for an expected correspondence with data from a third payload carried by at least one of a magnetic stripe, a barcode and text.