Method for embedding electronic watermark and method for decoding the same

• US 6,973,195 B1
• Filed: 10/26/1999
• Issued: 12/06/2005
• Est. Priority Date: 10/27/1998
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: KOWA Company Limited
• Original Assignee: KOWA Company Limited
• Inventors: Matsui, Kineo
• Primary Examiner(s): Werner, Brian
• Assistant Examiner(s): LAVIN, CHRISTOPHER L
• Application Number:
  US09/830,236
• Time in Patent Office: 2,233 Days
• Field of Search: 382/100
• US Class Current: 382/100
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0028 Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/005 Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0065 Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32288 Multiple embedding, e.g. cocktail embedding, or redundant embedding, e.g. repeating the additional information at a plurality of locations in the image
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32309 in colour image data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes

Abstract

The present invention applies a technique, which is characteristic of color images, to embed a digital watermark in a color image and decode the embedded digital watermark. The technique adjusts a color signal transformation matrix by adding or subtracting a digital watermark matrix to or from the color signal transformation matrix in the process of transforming image data of an original color image in an RGB colorimetric system into image data in a YCbCr colorimetric system with the color signal transformation matrix. The digital watermark matrix includes an arbitrary numerical value of real number x, which represents digital watermark information, as an entry thereof and satisfies a condition that a sum of respective entries in each row and in each column is all substantially equal to zero. The technique inversely transforms the image data, which is obtained by the transformation with the adjusted color signal transformation matrix, into the image data in the RGB calorimetric system by means of an inverse color signal transformation matrix. The inversely transformed image has the numerical value of real-number x embedded therein as the digital watermark. The numerical value of real number x is decoded from transformed image data, which is obtained by transforming the original image into color signals in the YCbCr colorimetric system.

Claims

1. A method of embedding digital watermark information in a color image, said method comprising the steps of:

providing a color signal transformation matrix and an inverse color signal transformation matrix, the color signal transformation matrix transforming image data in a first colormetric system, which expresses a predetermined color space by a combination of plural parameters, into image data in a second colorimetric system, which expresses the predetermined color space by a combination of other plural parameters, the inverse color signal transformation matrix carrying out inverse of the transformation;

adjusting the color signal transformation matrix by either adding a digital watermark matrix to or subtracting a digital watermark matrix from the color signal transformation matrix, the digital watermark matrix including an arbitrary numerical value of real number x, which represents the digital watermark information, as an entry of the digital watermark matrix and satisfying a condition that a sum respective entries in each row and in each column is substantially equal to zero;

transforming the image data in the first colormetric system into image data in the second colormetric system with the adjusted color signal transformation matrix; and

inversely transforming the resulting image data in the second colormetric system, which is obtained by the transformation, into the image data in the first colormetric system with the inverse color signal transformation matrix, so as to embed the digital watermark information into the color image.

2. An embedding method in accordance with claim 1, wherein either the first colormetric system or the second colormetric system is an RGB colormetric system using three primary colors of light as parameters, while the other colormetric system is a YCbCr colormetric system using a luminescence signal and color difference signals as parameters.

3. An embedding method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the arbitrary numerical value of real number x is an arbitrary value in a range not exceeding −

0.1 and 0.1.

4. An embedding method in accordance with claim 2, said method further comprising the step of:

carrying out either an underflow correction or an overflow correction to cause an arbitrary pixel value to be an integer within a predetermined range in the process of inversely transforming the image data in the YCbCr colormetric system, which is obtained by the transformation with adjusted color signal transformation matrix, into the image data in the RGB colormetric system by means of the inverse color signal transformation matrix.

5. A decoding method to take a digital watermark out of image data with the digital watermark embedded therein, said method comprising the steps of:

calculating a difference matrix between watermark-embedded data, which is obtained by transforming a color image with a digital watermark embedded therein into color signals in a YCbCr colormetric system, that is, a luminescence signal and color difference signals, and watermark-free data, which is obtained by transforming an original image without the digital watermark embedded therein into color signals in the YCbCr colormetric system, that is, a luminescence signal and color difference signals;

decomposing the difference matrix into respective rows calculating an arbitrary numerical value of real number x, which is supposed to represent the digital watermark information, with regard to reach row; and

estimating a mean of the numerical values of real number x calculated with regard to the respective rows as the digital watermark information.

6. A decoding method in accordance with claim 5, wherein the arbitrary numerical value of real number x, which is supposed to represent the digital watermark information, is calculated on the premise that an absolute value of a difference between entries in each row of the difference matrix is not less than a preset value.

7. A storage medium in which a program for embedding digital watermark information in a color image is stored in a computer readable manner, said program comprising:

a color signal transformation matrix that transforms image data in a first colormetric system, which expresses a predetermined color space by a combination of plural parameters, into image data in a second colormetric system, which expresses the predetermined color space by a combination of other plural parameters, and an inverse color signal transformation matrix that carries out inverse of the transformation;

the function of adjusting the color signal transformation matrix by either adding a digital watermark matrix to or subtracting a digital watermark matrix from the color signal transformation matrix, the digital watermark matrix including an arbitrary numerical value of real number x, which represents the digital watermark information, as an entry of the digital watermark matrix and satisfying a condition that a sum of respective entries in each row and in each column is substantially equal to zero;

the function of transforming the image data in the first colormetric system into image data in the second colormetric system with the adjusted color signal transformation matrix; and

the function of inversely transforming the resulting image data in the second colormetric system, which is obtained by the transformation, into the image data in the first colormetric system with the inverse color signal transformation matrix, so as to embed the digital watermark information into the color image.

8. A storage medium in which a program for taking a digital watermark out of image data with the digital watermark embedded therein is stored in a computer readable manner, said program comprising the function of:

calculating a difference matrix between watermark-embedded data, which is obtained by transforming a color image with a digital watermark embedded therein into color signals in a YCbCr colormetric system, that is, a luminescence signal and color difference signals, and watermark-free data, which is obtained by transforming an original image without the digital watermark embedded therein into color signals in the YCbCr colormetric system, that is, a luminance signal and color difference signals;

decomposing the difference matrix into respective rows and calculating an arbitrary numerical value of real number x, which is supposed to represent the digital watermark information, with regard to each row; and

estimating a mean of the numerical values of real number x calculated with regard to the respective rows as the digital watermark information.