Method and apparatus for non-contact electrostatic actuation of droplets

• US 6,989,234 B2
• Filed: 09/24/2002
• Issued: 01/24/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 09/24/2002
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Duke University
• Original Assignee: Duke University
• Inventors: Fair, Richard B., Kolar, Pramod
• Primary Examiner(s): FORMAN, BETTY J
• Application Number:
  US10/253,372
• Publication Number:
  US 20040055536A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,218 Days
• Field of Search: 435/6, 435/7.1, 435/174, 435/283.1, 435/287.2, 435/288.2, 435/288.5, 435/422, 422/68.1, 422/100
• US Class Current: 435/287.2
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/0036 Nozzles
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/0065 by the use of liquid beads
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00653 the compounds being bound to electrodes embedded in or on the solid supports
• CPC Class Codes: B01L 2200/0626 using levitated droplets
• CPC Class Codes: B01L 2300/089 Virtual walls for guiding liquids
• CPC Class Codes: B01L 2400/027 electrostatic forces between substrate and tip
• CPC Class Codes: B01L 2400/0415 electrical forces, e.g. electrokinetic
• CPC Class Codes: B01L 2400/0427 Electrowetting
• CPC Class Codes: B01L 3/0241 Drop counters; Drop formers making arrays for combinatorial libraries B01J19/0046; automation of dispensing for analysis G01N35/10
• CPC Class Codes: B05B 5/0255 spraying and depositing by electrostatic forces only
• CPC Class Codes: B41J 2002/14395 Electrowetting
• CPC Class Codes: C40B 60/14 for creating libraries

Abstract

An apparatus for actuating a droplet comprises a first conductive layer, a second conductive layer, a conductive elongate element, and a voltage source. The first conductive layer comprises a first hydrophobic surface. The second conductive layer comprises a hydrophilic surface facing the first hydrophobic surface. The second conductive layer is axially spaced from the first conductive layer to define a gap therebetween. The conductive medial element is disposed in the gap between the first and second conductive layers, and comprises a second hydrophobic surface. The voltage source communicates with the second conductive layer and the elongate element. By applying a voltage potential between the elongate element and the second conductive layer, droplets can be electrostatically actuated so as to move from the first conductive layer into contact with the second conductive layer. The apparatus is particularly useful in the synthesis of microarrays of biological, chemical, or biochemical samples.

Claims

1. An apparatus for actuating a droplet by electrowetting, comprising:

(a) a first conductive layer comprising an array of control electrodes covered by a first hydrophobic insulator surface;

(b) a second conductive layer comprising a second conductive layer surface facing the first hydrophobic surface, the second conductive layer spaced from the first conductive layer to define a gap therebetween, and having an actuation voltage thereon of 40 to 50 volts;

(c) a wire traction system comprising at least one conductive elongate wire element disposed in the gap between the first and second conductive layers and comprising a second hydrophobic surface, and having a voltage thereon less than the second conductive layer actuation voltage; and

(d) a voltage source communicating with the second conductive layer and the elongate wire element that provides an actuation voltage to the second conductive layer of 40 to 50 volts, wherein the droplet is caused to move along a pathway extending around the conductive elongate wire element and from the first conductive layer towards the second conductive layer.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a second voltage source communicating with the control electrodes and the elongate element.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the first conductive layer comprises a planar body, and the first hydrophobic surface is disposed on the planar body.

4. The apparatus according to claim 3 wherein the planar body comprises a glass.

5. The apparatus according to claim 3 wherein the first conductive layer comprises a conductive material disposed on the planar body, and the first hydrophobic surface is disposed on the conductive material.

6. The apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the conductive material comprises a metal.

7. The apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the conductive material comprises indium tin oxide.

8. The apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the first conductive layer comprises a dielectric material disposed on the conductive material, and the first hydrophobic surface is disposed on the dielectric material.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8 wherein the dielectric material comprises a parylene composition.

10. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the first hydrophobic surface comprises a hydrophobized region of the first conductive layer.

11. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the first hydrophobic surface comprises a hydrophobic layer disposed on the first conductive layer.

12. The apparatus according to claim 11 wherein the hydrophobic layer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

13. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein second conductive layer comprises a planar body, the planar body comprises an outer surface opposing the hydrophilic surface, and a conductive backing is disposed on the outer surface.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein the planar body comprises a derivatized glass.

15. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein the conductive backing comprises a metal.

16. The apparatus according to claim 13 wherein the conductive backing comprises indium tin oxide.

17. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the hydrophilic surface of the second conductive layer comprises a plurality of analyte-specific receptor sites.

18. The apparatus according to claim 17 wherein the first conductive layer comprises a plurality of control electrodes, and at least one of the control electrodes is aligned across the gap with a corresponding group of the receptor sites.

19. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the second hydrophobic surface comprises a hydrophobized region of the elongate element.

20. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the second hydrophobic surface comprises a hydrophobic layer disposed on the elongate element.

21. The apparatus according to claim 20 wherein the hydrophobic layer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

22. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the elongate wire element comprises a metal-containing wire.

23. The apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a plurality of conductive elongate elements disposed in the gap.

24. The apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a spacer element, wherein the elongate element is supported by the spacer element.

25. The apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a container, wherein the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the elongate element are disposed in the container.

26. The apparatus according to claim 25 comprising a filler fluid disposed in the gap between the first and second conductive layers.

27. The apparatus according to claim 1 comprising an electronic controller communicating with the voltage source.

28. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the elongate element is spaced from the first conductive layer at a distance of approximately 0.05 mm to approximately 2 mm.

29. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the second conductive layer surface is hydrophilic.