Planar antenna with supplemental antenna current configuration arranged between dominant current paths

• US 7,019,704 B2
• Filed: 01/02/2003
• Issued: 03/28/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 01/02/2003
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: The Board of Regents of the University of Colorado (University of Colorado System)
• Original Assignee: Phiar
• Inventors: Weiss, Manoja D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Nguyen, Hoang V.
• Application Number:
  US10/335,731
• Publication Number:
  US 20040130499A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,181 Days
• Field of Search: 343/795, 343/700.MS, 343/767, 343/770
• US Class Current: 343/770
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 9/285 Planar dipole H01Q9/065 takes precedence; patch antenna H01Q9/0407

Abstract

An antenna arrangement is described in which a pair of at least generally planar opposing antenna arms each support a first high frequency antenna current responsive to an input. Each arm includes a peripheral outline for confining the first high frequency current to a pair of first and second dominant paths, that are defined by the peripheral outline, in a spaced apart relationship across each of the opposing antenna arms so as to define an isolated area between the first and second paths. A configuration is located in this area of at least one of the antenna arms for producing an additional high frequency current responsive to the input. The additional high frequency current cooperates with the first high frequency antenna current to produce an overall antenna response. In one feature, the opposing antenna arms are bow arms which cooperate to define an overall bow-tie configuration as the peripheral outline.

Claims

1. An antenna arrangement comprising:

a pair of at least generally planar opposing antenna arms, each of which supports a first high frequency antenna current that is produced responsive to an input and each of which includes a peripheral outline for confining the first high frequency current to a pair of first and second dominant paths, that are defined by the peripheral outline, in a spaced apart relationship across each of the opposing antenna arms so as to define an area therebetween which is isolated, at least to an approximation, from the first and second dominant paths; and

a configuration located in said area between the first and second dominant paths of at least one of the antenna arms for producing an additional high frequency current responsive to the input which additional high frequency current cooperates with the first high frequency antenna current to produce an overall antenna response, wherein said configuration includes a grating in said area that is isolated from the dominant paths for producing the additional high frequency current.

2. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein said input is an electromagnetic wave that is incident upon the opposing antenna arms.

3. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein said input is an electrical drive signal that is coupled to said opposing antenna arms.

4. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein said opposing antenna arms are bow arms which cooperate to define an overall bow-tie configuration as said peripheral outline.

5. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein said opposing antenna arms independently produce a first antenna pattern including a given gain in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and wherein said configuration is formed in said area of both antenna arms such that a modified gain in the normal direction is greater than said given gain.

6. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein said overall gain is at least 100% greater than said given gain.

7. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein said opposing antenna arms independently produce a first antenna pattern having a main lobe that is centered in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and an arrangement of side lobes of a given energy and wherein said configuration is formed in said area of both antenna arms such that a modified antenna pattern is produced by said configuration in cooperation with the opposing antenna arms in a way which transfers at least a portion of said given energy of said side lobe arrangement to a modified main lobe of said modified antenna pattern.

8. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein said grating is formed on each one of said antenna arms.

9. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein each of said antenna arms includes a generally planar substrate that supports a generally planar electrically conductive layer for conducting said first high frequency antenna current and said grating includes an arrangement of apertures that extend at least through a thickness of said electrically conductive layer.

10. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein each of said antenna arms includes a generally planar substrate having a thickness and said substrate supports a generally planar electrically conductive layer for conducting said first high frequency antenna current and said grating is defined using an arrangement of slots, each of which is inset in said thickness such that the arrangement of slots cooperates with the electrically conductive layer in a way which forms said grating.

11. The antenna arrangement of claim 10 wherein each of said slots is formed using at least one closed peripheral sidewall defined by the substrate.

12. The antenna arrangement of claim 11 wherein said grating is formed by applying said electrically conductive layer at least generally conformally across each of said slots.

13. The antenna arrangement of claim 1 wherein said antenna arms cooperate to define an elongation axis of the antenna arrangement and wherein each of said antenna arms includes an electrically conductive layer supported by a substrate for conducting said first high frequency antenna current and said grating includes an arrangement of at least one slot defined, at least in part, using the electrically conductive layer and which slot includes an elongated dimension that is arranged transverse to said elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

14. The antenna arrangement of claim 13 wherein the elongated dimension of said slot is at least approximately perpendicular to the elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

15. The antenna arrangement of claim 14 wherein said arrangement of slots includes one or more additional slots each of which is defined, at least in part, using the electrically conductive layer such that the elongated dimension of each slot within the arrangement of slots is at least approximately perpendicular to the elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

16. In producing an antenna arrangement, a method comprising:

arranging a pair of at least generally planar opposing antenna arms such that each supports a first high frequency antenna current responsive to an input and each includes a peripheral outline for confining the first high frequency current to a pair of first and second dominant paths, that are defined by the peripheral outline, in a spaced apart relationship across each of the opposing antenna arms so as to define an area therebetween which is isolated, at least to an approximation, from the first and second dominant paths; and

locating a configuration in said area between the first and second dominant paths of at least one of the antenna arms for producing an additional high frequency current responsive to the input for cooperating with the first high frequency antenna current to produce an overall antenna response, wherein locating said configuration includes forming a grating as part of said configuration in said area that is isolated from the dominant paths for producing the additional high frequency current.

17. The method of claim 16 including receiving an electromagnetic wave that is incident upon the opposing antenna arms as said input.

18. The method of claim 16 including coupling an electrical drive to said opposing antenna arms as said input.

19. The method of claim 16 wherein arranging the opposing antenna arms includes forming the antenna arms as bow arms which cooperate to define an overall bow-tie configuration as said peripheral outline.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein said opposing antenna arms are arranged to independently produce a first antenna pattern including a given gain in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and wherein said arranging the opposing antenna arms further includes forming said configuration in said area of both antenna arms in a way which produces a modified antenna pattern such that an overall gain of the modified antenna pattern in the normal direction is greater than said given.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein said overall gain is at least 100% greater than said given gain.

22. The method of claim 16 wherein said opposing antenna arms independently produce a first antenna pattern having a main lobe that is centered in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and an arrangement of side lobes of a given energy and wherein said configuration is formed in said area of both antenna arms such that a modified antenna pattern is produced by said configuration in cooperation with the opposing antenna arms in a way which transfers at least a portion of said given energy of said side lobe arrangement to a modified main lobe of said modified antenna pattern.

23. The method of claim 16 wherein said grating is formed on each one of said antenna arms.

24. The method of claim 16 wherein the arranging the antenna arms includes forming each antenna arm to include a generally planar substrate that supports an electrically conductive layer for conducting said high frequency antenna current and forming said grating includes defining an arrangement of apertures that extend at least through said electrically conductive layer.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein each of said antenna arms includes a generally planar substrate having a thickness and said substrate supports a generally planar electrically conductive layer for conducting said first high frequency antenna current and said method further comprising forming an arrangement of slots that are inset in said thickness of said substrate such that the arrangement of slots cooperates with the electrically conductive layer in a way which forms said grating.

26. The method of claim 25 further comprising defining each slot of said arrangement of slots using a closed peripheral sidewall that is formed in the thickness of said substrate.

27. The method of claim 25 including conformally applying said electrically conductive layer across each of said slots.

28. The method of claim 16 wherein arranging said antenna arms causes the antenna arms to cooperate to define an elongation axis of the antenna arrangement and so that each of the antenna arms includes an electrically conductive layer for conducting said first high frequency antenna current and said grating is formed including an arrangement of at least one slot which includes an elongated dimension that is arranged transverse to said elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

29. The method of claim 28 further comprising positioning the elongated dimension of said slot at least approximately perpendicular to the elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

30. The method of claim 29 wherein said arrangement of slots is formed to include one or more additional slots such that the elongated dimension of each slot within the arrangement of slots is at least approximately perpendicular the elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

31. An antenna arrangement comprising:

a pair of at least generally planar opposing antenna arms, each of which supports a first high frequency antenna current that is produced responsive to an input and which is confined to an arrangement of dominant paths that is defined by each of the opposing antenna arms so as to produce a first antenna pattern such that said arrangement of dominate paths defines, between individual ones of the dominant paths, an area of said substrate which, at least to an approximation, does not support said first high frequency current; and

a configuration in said area of at least one of said antenna arms for modifying said first antenna pattern in a way which produces a modified antenna pattern responsive to the input, and wherein said configuration includes a grating that is isolated from the arrangement of dominant paths for producing an additional high frequency antenna current responsive to said second antenna pattern.

32. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein said input is an electromagnetic wave that is incident upon the opposing antenna arms.

33. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein said input is an electrical drive signal that is coupled to said opposing antenna arms.

34. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein said opposing antenna arms are bow arms which cooperate to define an overall bow-tie configuration as a peripheral outline such that said first antenna pattern is a characteristic bow-tie antenna pattern.

35. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein said opposing antenna arms independently produce said first antenna pattern including a given gain in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and wherein said configuration is formed in said area of both antenna arms in a way which produces a modified antenna pattern such that an overall gain in the normal direction is greater than said given gain.

36. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein said overall gain is at least 100% greater than said given gain.

37. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein said opposing antenna arms independently produce a first antenna pattern having a main lobe that is centered in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and an arrangement of side lobes of a given energy and wherein said configuration is formed in said area of both antenna arms such that a modified antenna pattern is produced by said configuration in cooperation with the opposing antenna arms in a way which transfers at least a portion of said given energy of said side lobe arrangement to a modified main lobe of said modified antenna pattern.

38. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein said grating is formed on each one of said antenna arms.

39. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein each of said antenna arms includes a generally planar substrate that supports a generally planar electrically conductive layer for conducting said first high frequency antenna current and said grating includes an arrangement of apertures that extend at least through a thickness of said electrically conductive layer.

40. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein each of said antenna arms includes a generally planar substrate having a thickness and said substrate supports a generally planar electrically conductive layer for conducting said first high frequency antenna current and said grating is defined using an arrangement of slots, each of which is inset in said thickness such that the arrangement of slots cooperates with the electrically conductive layer in a way which forms said grating.

41. The antenna arrangement of claim 40 wherein each of said slots is formed using at least one closed peripheral sidewall defined by the substrate.

42. The antenna arrangement of claim 41 wherein said grating is formed by applying said electrically conductive layer at least generally conformally across each of said slots.

43. The antenna arrangement of claim 31 wherein said antenna arms cooperate to define an elongation axis of the antenna arrangement and wherein each of said antenna arms includes a electrically conductive layer supported by an insulating substrate for conducting said high frequency antenna current and said configuration includes an arrangement of at least one slot defined by the electrically conductive layer which includes an elongated dimension that is arranged transverse to said elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

44. The antenna arrangement of claim 43 wherein the elongated dimension of said slot is at least approximately perpendicular to the elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

45. The antenna arrangement of claim 44 wherein said arrangement of at least one slots includes one or more additional slots such that the elongated dimension of each slot within the arrangement of at least one slots is at least approximately perpendicular to the elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

46. In producing an antenna arrangement, a method comprising:

arranging a pair of at least generally planar opposing antenna arms such that each supports a first high frequency antenna current that is produced responsive to an input and the first high frequency antenna current is confined to an arrangement of dominant paths that is defined by each of the opposing antenna arms so as to produce a first antenna pattern such that said arrangement of dominate paths defines, between individual ones of the dominant paths, an area of said substrate which, at least to an approximation, does not support said first high frequency current; and

forming a configuration in said area of at least one of said antenna arms for modifying said first antenna pattern in a way which produces a modified antenna pattern responsive to the input, wherein forming said configuration includes forming a grating as part of said configuration in said area that is isolated from the dominant paths for producing the second high frequency current.

47. The method of claim 46 including receiving an electromagnetic wave that is incident upon the opposing antenna arms as said input.

48. The method of claim 46 including coupling an electrical drive to said opposing antenna arms as said input.

49. The method of claim 46 wherein arranging the opposing antenna arms includes forming the antenna arms as bow arms which cooperate to define an overall bow-tie configuration as said peripheral outline.

50. The method of claim 49 wherein said opposing antenna arms are arranged to produce said first antenna pattern including a given gain in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and including forming said configuration in said area of both antenna arms in a way which produces a modified antenna pattern such that an overall gain in the normal direction is greater than said given gain.

51. The method of claim 50 wherein said overall gain is at least 100% greater than said given gain.

52. The antenna arrangement of claim 46 wherein said opposing antenna arms produce a first antenna pattern having a main lobe that is centered in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and an arrangement of side lobes of a given energy and wherein said configuration is formed in said area of both antenna arms such that a modified antenna pattern is produced by said configuration in cooperation with the opposing antenna arms in a way which transfers at least a portion of said given energy of said side lobe arrangement to a modified main lobe of said modified antenna pattern.

53. The method of claim 46 wherein said grating is formed on each one of said antenna arms.

54. The method of claim 53 wherein arranging the antenna arms includes forming each antenna arm to include a generally planar substrate that supports an electrically conductive layer for conducting said high frequency antenna current and forming said grating includes defining an arrangement of apertures that extend at least through said electrically conductive layer.

55. The method of claim 54 wherein each of said antenna arms includes a generally planar substrate having a thickness and said substrate supports a generally planar electrically conductive layer for conducting said first high frequency antenna current and said method further comprising forming an arrangement of slots that are inset in said thickness of said substrate such that the arrangement of slots cooperates with the electrically conductive layer in a way which forms said grating.

56. The method of claim 55 including defining each slot of said arrangement of slots using a closed peripheral sidewall that is formed in the thickness of said substrate.

57. The method of claim 55 including conformally applying said electrically conductive layer across each of said slots.

58. The method of claim 46 wherein arranging said antenna arms causes the antenna arms to cooperate to define an elongation axis of the antenna arrangement and so that each of the antenna arms includes a coextensive electrically conductive layer supported by an insulating substrate for conducting said first high frequency antenna current and said grating is formed including an arrangement of at least one slot which includes an elongated dimension that is arranged transverse to said elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

59. The method of claim 58 including positioning the elongated dimension of said slot at least approximately perpendicular to the elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

60. The method of claim 59 wherein said arrangement of at least one slots is formed to include one or more additional slots such that the elongated dimension of each slot within the arrangement of at least one slots is at least approximately perpendicular the elongation axis of the antenna arrangement.

61. An antenna arrangement, comprising:

at least one substrate having a planar configuration and a substrate thickness between a pair of opposing major surfaces thereof;

an electrically conductive ground plane layer supported on a first one of said major surfaces;

a dielectric layer directly supported by said electrically conductive ground plane layer opposite said substrate; and

a patterned electrically conductive layer supported directly by said dielectric layer, opposite said electrically conductive ground plane layer, for providing an antenna pattern,

wherein said substrate thickness is characterized by a substrate thickness tolerance and said dielectric layer includes a dielectric layer thickness that is characterized by a dielectric layer thickness tolerance such that said dielectric layer thickness tolerance is greater than said substrate thickness tolerance.

62. The antenna arrangement of claim 61 wherein said ground plane layer is in direct contact with the first major surface of said substrate.

63. The antenna arrangement of claim 61 including at least two at least generally planar substrates arranged as opposing antenna arms, each of which supports a first high frequency antenna current, using said patterned electrically conductive layer, responsive to an input and each of which includes a peripheral outline for confining the first high frequency current to a pair of first and second dominant paths, that are defined by the peripheral outline, in a spaced apart relationship across each of the opposing antenna arms so as to define an area therebetween which is isolated, at least to an approximation, from the first and second dominant paths.

64. The antenna arrangement of claim 63 further comprising a configuration located in said area between the first and second dominant paths of at least one of the antenna arms for producing an additional high frequency antenna current responsive to the input which additional high frequency antenna current cooperates with the first high frequency antenna current to produce said antenna pattern.

65. The antenna arrangement of claim 63 wherein said opposing antenna arms are bow arms which cooperate to define an overall bow-tie configuration as said peripheral outline.

66. The antenna arrangement of claim 63 wherein said opposing antenna arms independently produce a first antenna pattern including a given gain in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and wherein said configuration is formed in said area of both antenna arms such that a modified gain in the normal direction is greater than said given gain.

67. In producing an antenna arrangement, a method comprising:

providing at least one substrate having a planar configuration and a substrate thickness between a pair of opposing major surfaces thereof;

supporting an electrically conductive ground plane layer on a first one of said major surfaces;

forming a dielectric layer directly supported by said electrically conductive ground plane layer opposite said substrate; and

arranging a patterned electrically conductive layer supported directly by said dielectric layer, opposite said electrically conductive ground plane layer, for providing an antenna reception pattern,

wherein said substrate thickness is characterized by a substrate thickness tolerance and wherein forming said dielectric layer forms the dielectric layer having a dielectric layer thickness tolerance such that said dielectric layer thickness tolerance is greater than said substrate thickness tolerance.

68. The method of claim 67 wherein said ground plane layer is supported in direct contact with the first major surface of said substrate.

69. The method of claim 67 wherein substrate providing includes providing at least two at least generally planar substrates arranged as opposing antenna arms, each of which supports a first high frequency antenna current, using said patterned electrically conductive layer, responsive to an input and said method further comprising forming each antenna arm to include a peripheral outline for confining the first high frequency current to a pair of first and second dominant paths, that are defined by the peripheral outline, in a spaced apart relationship across each of the opposing antenna arms so as to define an area therebetween which is isolated, at least to an approximation, from the first and second dominant paths.

70. The method of claim 69 further comprising:

locating a configuration in said area between the first and second dominant paths of at least one of the antenna arms for producing an additional high frequency antenna current responsive to the input which additional high frequency antenna current cooperates with the first high frequency antenna current to produce an overall antenna response.

71. The method of claim 69 wherein said opposing antenna arms are formed as bow arms which cooperate to define an overall bow-tie configuration as said peripheral outline.

72. The method of claim 69 wherein said opposing antenna arms independently produce a first antenna pattern including a given gain in a direction that is at least generally normal to the planar opposing antenna arms and said configuration is located in said area of both antenna arms such that a modified gain in the normal direction is greater than said given gain.