Techniques for correcting for phase and amplitude offsets in a MIMO radio device

• US 7,031,669 B2
• Filed: 06/09/2003
• Issued: 04/18/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 09/10/2002
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: IPR Licensing Incorporated (InterDigital, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Cognio, Inc. (Cisco Systems, Inc.)
• Inventors: Vaidyanathan, Chandra, Sugar, Gary L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Milord, Marceau
• Application Number:
  US10/457,293
• Publication Number:
  US 20040048584A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,044 Days
• Field of Search: 455/84, 455/67.16, 455/101, 455/102, 455/103, 455/278.1, 455/273, 455/129, 455/562.1, 455/506, 455/304, 375/317, 375/347, 375/295, 375/148, 375/267, 343/703, 343/729, 342/382, 342/383, 342/373, 342/378, 342/380
• US Class Current: 455/84
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 3/2605 Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/0003 Software-defined radio [SDR] systems, i.e. systems wherein components typically implemented in hardware, e.g. filters or modulators/demodulators, are implented using software, e.g. by involving an AD or DA conversion stage such that at least part of the signal processing is performed in the digital domain digital baseband systems H04L25/00; digital modulation/demodulation H04L27/00; CDMA H04B1/707; TDMA H04B7/2643; image transmission H04N5/00
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/0475 with means for limiting noise, interference or distortion H04B1/0483 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/0483 Transmitters with multiple parallel paths
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 17/21 for calibration; for correcting measurements
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/04 using two or more spaced independent antennas

Abstract

Techniques to correct for phase and amplitude mismatches in a radio device in order to maintain channel symmetry when communicating with another device using MIMO radio communication techniques. Correction for the amplitude and phase mismatches among the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers of a device may be made at baseband using digital logic (such as in the modem) in the receiver path, the transmitter path or both paths of that device. In a device, amplitude and phase offsets are determined among the plurality of radio transmitter and radio receiver paths by measuring phase and amplitude responses when supplying a signal to a transmitter in a first antenna path of the device and coupling the radio signal from a first antenna to a second antenna path of that device where the signal is downconverted by a receiver associated with the second antenna path, and similarly coupling a signal from the second antenna path to the first antenna path. Measurements are obtained between the first antenna path and each of the other antenna paths when coupling a signal in both directions between them. Phase and amplitude offset correction values are computed from the phase and amplitude measurements during a self-calibration operation or mode of the device, and are used during a run-time operation or mode when processing the baseband transmit and/or receive signals to compensate for the phase and amplitude offsets among the plurality of transceiver paths of a device. Amplitude offset correction may not be necessary (or optional) for certain radio implementations or MIMO radio algorithms. The device may execute the self-calibration mode on device power-up, and then periodically thereafter. Self-calibration may also be performed at the factory on a device.

Claims

1. A radio device comprising:

a. a plurality of transmitters that upconvert corresponding ones of a plurality of baseband transmit signals for simultaneous transmission via corresponding ones of a plurality of antennas;

b. a plurality of receivers that downconvert a plurality of radio signals detected by corresponding ones of the plurality of antennas to produce a corresponding plurality of baseband receive signals; and

c. a processor coupled to the plurality of transmitters and the plurality of receivers, wherein the processor measures differences in phase responses among the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers by measuring a first phase difference between an input to a transmitter associated with a first antenna and an output of a receiver associated with antenna i, and a second phase difference between an input to a transmitter associated with antenna i and an output of a receiver associated with the first antenna, for i=2 to N, where N is the number of antennas, and the processor processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or the plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding correction values that correct for differences in broadband phase responses among the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or the plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding correction values such that when signals are transmitted by the plurality of transmitters and/or signals are received by the plurality of receivers, the difference between (1) the phase response from an input to a transmitter to the output of its corresponding antenna and (2) the phase response from the input of that antenna to the output of its corresponding receiver is the same for each of the plurality of antennas.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor measures the first phase difference when a signal is applied at an input to the transmitter associated with the first antenna and coupled as receive input to the receiver associated with antenna i via an over-the-air link or a cable connection and measures the second phase difference when a signal is applied at an input to the transmitter associated with antenna i and coupled as receive input to the receiver associated with the first antenna via an over-the-air link or a cable connection, for i=2 to N.

4. The device of claim 3, wherein the processor generates the signal as a digital signal representing a continuous wave tone at frequency f_k, and wherein the processor measures the first phase difference and second phase difference at a plurality of continuous wave tone frequencies f_k across a bandwidth of a baseband signal.

5. The device of claim 4, wherein the processor measures the first phase difference between a digital signal at an input to a digital-to-analog converter coupled to the transmitter associated with the first antenna and a digital signal at an output of an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the output of the receiver associated with antenna i, and measures the second phase difference between a digital signal at an input to a digital-to-analog converter coupled to the transmitter associated with antenna i and a digital signal at an output of an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the output of the receiver associated with the first antenna.

6. The device of claim 4, wherein the processor computes broadband phase offsets for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=1 to N, from a y-intercept of a line fit through points {(f_k, ψ

_1i(k)−

ψ

_i1(k))} associated with the frequencies f_k, where ψ

_1i(k) is the first phase difference measured at frequency f_k and ψ

_i1(k) is the second phase difference measured at frequency f_k, and where the broadband phase offset for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 0.

7. The device of claim 6, wherein the processor processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding broadband phase offset correction values to achieve a net phase offset correction equal to the corresponding broadband phase offsets.

8. The device of claim 7, wherein the processor further processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding amplitude offset correction values that correct for amplitude offsets among the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers.

9. The device of claim 8, wherein the processor measures a first amplitude of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with antenna i when the continuous wave tone is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with the first antenna and measures a second amplitude of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with the first antenna when the continuous wave tone is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with antenna i, for i=2 to N.

10. The device of claim 9, wherein the processor computes a plurality of amplitude offsets for the antenna paths of the corresponding antennas for i=1 to N, from an average of a ratio between the first amplitude and the second amplitude associated with frequencies f_k, and where the amplitude offset for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 1.

11. The device of claim 10, wherein the processor further processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or the plurality receive signals with corresponding amplitude correction values that achieves a net amplitude offset correction equal to corresponding amplitude offsets.

12. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor measures the differences in phase responses when the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers are tuned to each of a plurality of frequency channels in a radio frequency band of operation.

13. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor further processes the plurality of baseband receive signals and/or the plurality of baseband transmit signals with corresponding group delay correction values that correct for group delay offsets among the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers within a bandwidth of a baseband signal.

14. The device of claim 13, wherein the processor computes a plurality of group delay offsets for the antenna paths of corresponding antennas i=1 to N from the first phase difference and the second phase difference at frequencies f_k, and where the group delay offset for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 0.

15. The device of claim 14, wherein the processor computes the group delay offsets equal to −

(½

π

)* slope of a line fit through points {(f_k, ψ

_1i(k)−

ψ

_i1(k))} associated with the plurality of frequencies f_k, where ψ

_1i(k) is the first phase difference measured at frequency f_k and ψ

_i1(k) is the second phase difference measured at frequency f_k, for i=2 to N.

16. The device of claim 15, wherein the processor processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding group delay correction values that achieves a net group delay offset correction equal to the corresponding group delay offsets.

17. The device of claim 16, wherein the processor implements the group delay correction values using all-pass filter processes.

18. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor comprises a baseband signal processor that performs baseband modulation to produce the plurality of baseband transmit signals and baseband demodulation of the plurality of baseband receive signals.

19. The device of claim 18, wherein the baseband signal processor is implemented by digital logic gates.

20. The device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers are implemented on a single semiconductor integrated circuit.

21. The device of claim 1, and further comprising a low pass filter that is shared by the transmitter and receiver associated with a corresponding antenna.

22. The device of claim 1, wherein the processor measures offsets and computes correction values to correct for offsets during a self-calibration mode, and the processor processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or plurality of baseband receive signals with the correction values during a run-time mode.

23. The device of claim 22, wherein the processor executes the self-calibration mode at device power-up and periodically thereafter.

24. The device of claim 1, and further comprising a memory that stores information to allow for adjustment of correction values according to gain settings of the plurality of transmitters and/or gain settings of the plurality of receivers.

25. The device of claim 24, wherein the processor measures offsets in phase responses and computes gain-independent correction values, and wherein the processor adjusts the gain-independent correction values according to the gain settings using the information stored in the memory.

26. A radio device comprising:

a. a plurality of transmitters that upconvert corresponding ones of a plurality of baseband transmit signals for simultaneous transmission via corresponding ones of a plurality of antennas;

b. a plurality of receivers that downconvert a plurality of radio signals detected by corresponding ones of the plurality of antennas to produce a corresponding plurality of baseband receive signals; and

c. a processor coupled to the plurality of transmitters and the plurality of receivers that measures phase offsets at a plurality of sub-carriers k associated with a multi-carrier baseband modulation process used for the plurality of baseband transmit signals and the plurality of baseband receive signals, by measuring at each sub-carrier k a first phase difference when a multi-carrier baseband signal is applied at an input to the transmitter associated with the first antenna and coupled as receive input to the receiver associated with antenna i via an over-the-air link or a cable connection, and measuring at each sub-carrier k a second phase difference when a multi-carrier signal is applied at an input to the transmitter associated with antenna i and coupled as a receive input to receiver associated with the first antenna via an over-the-air link or a cable connection, for i=2 to N, where N is the number of antennas, and wherein the processor processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or the plurality of baseband receive signals with correction values that correct for the phase offsets measured at each of the plurality of sub-carriers k.

27. The device of claim 26, wherein the processor processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or the plurality of baseband receive signals with phase offset correction values for each sub-carrier k that achieves a net phase offset correction equal to a matrix diag[c₁(k), c2(k), . . . , c_N(k)], where c₁(k)=exp(j[ψ

_1i(k)−

ψ

_1i(k)]), and where ψ

_1i(k) is the first phase difference and ψ

_i1(k) is the second phase difference, for i=2 to N, and where c₁(k)=1.

28. The device of claims 27, wherein the processor further processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or the plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding amplitude offset correction values that correct for amplitude offsets among the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers.

29. The device of claim 28, wherein the processor measures a first amplitude at each sub-carrier k of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with antenna i when the multi-carrier signal is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with the first antenna and measures a second amplitude at each sub-carrier k of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with the first antenna when the multi-carrier signal is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with antenna i, for i=2 to N.

30. The device of claim 29, wherein the processor computes an amplitude offset at each sub-carrier k for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=1 to N, from a ratio between the first amplitude and the second amplitude at each frequency sub-carrier k, and where the amplitude offset at each sub-carrier for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 1.

31. The device of claim 30, wherein the processor further processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding amplitude offset correction values at each sub-carrier k that achieves a net amplitude offset correction equal to the corresponding amplitude offsets.

32. The device of claim 26, wherein the processor computes phase offsets for antenna paths of corresponding antennas i=1 to N, from a y-intercept of a line fit through points {(f_k, ψ

_1i(k)−

ψ

_i1(k))} associated with the plurality of sub-carriers k, where ψ

_1i(k) is the first phase difference measured at sub-carrier k and ψ

_i1(k) is the second phase difference measured at frequency sub-carrier k, and where the phase offset for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 0.

33. The device of claim 32, wherein the processor processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding phase offset correction values that achieves a net phase offset correction equal tote corresponding phase offsets.

34. The device of claim 33, wherein the processor further processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or the plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding amplitude offset correction values that correct for amplitude offsets among the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers.

35. The device of claim 33, wherein the processor measures a first amplitude of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with antenna i at the plurality of sub-carriers k when a multi-carrier signal is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with the first antenna and measures a second amplitude of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with the first antenna at the plurality of sub-carriers k when the multi-carrier signal is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with antenna i, for i=2 to N.

36. The device of claim 35, wherein the processor computes amplitude offsets for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=1 to N, from an average of a ratio between the first amplitude and the second amplitude across the plurality of sub-carriers k, and where the amplitude offset for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 1.

37. The device of claim 36, wherein the processor further processes the plurality of baseband transmit signals and/or the plurality of baseband receive signals with corresponding amplitude correction values that achieves a net amplitude offset correction equal to the corresponding amplitude offsets.

38. A method for calibrating a radio device that comprises a plurality of antennas, a corresponding plurality of receivers and a corresponding plurality of transmitters, the method comprising steps of:

a. measuring phase responses of the plurality of transmitters and the plurality of receivers, comprising measuring a first phase difference between an input to a transmitter associated with a first antenna and an output of a receiver associated with antenna i, and a second phase difference between an input to a transmitter associated with antenna i and an output of a receiver associated with the first antenna, for i=2 to N, where N is the number of antennas; and

b. computing a plurality of correction values from the phase differences to correct for differences in broadband phase responses of the plurality of transmitters and the plurality receivers.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of computing comprises computing the plurality of correction values used in processing the plurality of baseband signals and/or plurality of baseband receive signals such that when signals are transmitted by the plurality of transmitters and/or signals are received by the plurality of receivers, the difference between (1) the phase response from an input to a transmitter to the output of its corresponding antenna and (2) the phase response from the input of that antenna to the output of its corresponding receiver is the same for each of the plurality of antennas.

40. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of measuring comprises measuring the first phase difference when a signal is applied at an input to the transmitter associated with the first antenna and coupled as receive input to the receiver associated with antenna i via an over-the-air link or a cable connection and measuring the second phase difference when a signal is applied at an input to the transmitter associated with antenna i and coupled as a receive input to the receiver associated with the first antenna via an over-the-air link or a cable connection, for i=2 to N.

41. The method of claim 40, and further comprising the step of lowering a gain of an amplifier in the receiver associated with one of the plurality of antennas when a signal is coupled to the associated antenna transmitted from one of the plurality of other antennas.

42. The method of claim 40, wherein the step of measuring the first phase difference and second phase difference is repeated for a continuous wave tone applied at a plurality of frequencies f_k across the bandwidth of a baseband signal.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the step of measuring comprises measuring the first phase difference between a digital signal at an input to a digital-to-analog converter coupled to the transmitter associated with the first antenna and a digital signal at an output of an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the output of the receiver associated with antenna i, and measuring the second phase difference between a digital signal at an input to a digital-to-analog converter coupled to the transmitter associated with antenna i and a digital signal at an output of an analog-to-digital converter coupled to the output of the receiver associated with the first antenna.

44. The method of claim 43, wherein the step of computing comprises computing broadband phase offset correction values for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=2 to N, from a y-intercept of a line fit through the points {(f_k, ψ

_1i(k)−

ψ

_i1(k))} associated with the frequencies f_k, where ψ

_1i(k) is the first phase difference measured at frequency f_k and ψ

_i1(k) is the second phase difference measured at frequency f_k, and where the broadband phase offset correction value for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 0.

45. The method of claim 42, wherein the step of measuring comprises measuring amplitude offsets among the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the step of measuring comprises measuring a first amplitude of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with antenna i when the continuous wave tone is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with the first antenna and measures a second amplitude of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with the first antenna when the continuous wave tone is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with antenna i, for i=2 to N.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the step of computing comprises computing amplitude offset correction values for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=2 to N, from an average of a ratio between the first amplitude and the second amplitude associated with the plurality of frequencies f_k, and where the amplitude offset correction value for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 1.

48. The method of claim 42, wherein the step of measuring comprises measuring group delay differences among the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the step of computing further comprises computing a plurality of group delay offset correction values for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=1 to N, from the first phase difference and the second phase difference, and where the group delay offset correction value for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 0.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the step of computing the plurality of group delay offset correction for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=2 to N from −

(½

π

)* slope of a line fit through points {(f_k, ψ

_1i(k)−

ψ

_i1(k))} associated with the plurality of frequencies f_k, where ψ

_1i(k) is the first phase difference measured at frequency f_k and ψ

_i1(k) is the second phase difference measured at frequency f_k.

51. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of measuring comprises measuring the first and second phase differences when the plurality of transmitters and plurality of receivers are tuned to each of a plurality of frequency channels in a radio frequency band of operation.

52. The method of claim 38, wherein the step of measuring comprises measuring at sub-carriers k associated with a multi-carrier baseband modulation process a first phase difference when a multi-carrier baseband signal is applied at an input to the transmitter associated with the first antenna and coupled as receive input to the receiver associated with antenna i via an over-the-air link or a cable connection, and measuring at each sub-carrier k the second phase difference when a multi-carrier signal is applied at an input to the transmitter associated with antenna i and coupled as a receive input to receiver associated with the first antenna via an over-the-air link or a cable connection, for i=2 to N.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the step of computing comprises computing a diagonal correction matrix diag[c₁(k), c2(k), . . . , c_N(k)], for each sub-carrier k, where c_i(k)=exp(j[ψ

_1i(k)−

ψ

_i1(k)]), for i=2 to N, where N is the number of antennas, and where ψ

_1i(k) is a first phase difference between an input to a first transmitter and an output of receiver i at sub-carrier k, and ψ

_i1(k) is a second phase difference between an input to transmitter i and an output of a first receiver at sub-carrier k, and where c₁(k)=1.

54. The method of claim 52, wherein the step of computing comprises computing broadband phase offsets for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=2 to N, from a y-intercept of a line fit through points {(f_k, ψ

_1i(k)−

ψ

_i1(k))} associated with a plurality of sub-carriers k, where ψ

_1i(k) is the first phase difference measured at sub-carrier k and ψ

_i1(k) is the second phase difference measured at frequency sub-carrier k, and the broadband phase offset for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 0.

55. The method of claim 52, wherein the step of measuring further comprises measuring a first amplitude at sub-carriers k of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with antenna i when the multi-carrier signal is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with the first antenna and measuring a second amplitude at sub-carriers k of a signal at the output of the receiver associated with the first antenna when the multi-carrier signal is applied at the input of the transmitter associated with antenna i, for i=2 to N.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the step of computing comprises computing amplitude offset correction values for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=1 to N, from a ratio of the first amplitude and second amplitude at each sub-carrier k, and where the amplitude offset correction value for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 1.

57. The method of claim 55, wherein the step of computing comprises computing amplitude offsets correction values for antenna paths corresponding to antennas i=1 to N, from an average of a ratio between the first amplitude to the second amplitude across a plurality of sub-carriers k, and where the amplitude offset for the antenna path associated with the first antenna is 1.