Optical position sensor for determining the interface between a clear and an opaque fluid

• US 7,049,622 B1
• Filed: 12/21/2004
• Issued: 05/23/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 04/09/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: National Technology & Engineering Solutions Of Sandia LLC (Honeywell International Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Sandia Corporation (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Inventors: Weiss, Jonathan D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Allen, Stephone B.
• Assistant Examiner(s): MONBLEAU, DAVIENNE N
• Application Number:
  US11/019,841
• Time in Patent Office: 518 Days
• Field of Search: 250573-577, 250/900, 250/904, 340/619, 340/686.1, 73/645.5, 732/93, 732/90.B, 732/90.R, 385/12, 385/141, 385/142
• US Class Current: 250/577
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/292 Light , e.g. infrared or ultraviolet
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 250/90 Optical liquid level sensors
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 250/904 with single light guide element to guide light in a continuous path

Abstract

An inexpensive, optical position sensor for measuring a position or length, x, along a one-dimensional curvilinear, coordinate system. The sensor can be used, for example, to determine the position of an interface between a clear and an opaque fluid (such as crude oil and water). In one embodiment, the sensor utilizes the principle of dual-fluorescence, where a primary fiber emits primary fluorescent light and a parallel secondary fiber collects a portion of the primary fluorescent light that is not blocked by the opaque fluid. This, in turn, excites secondary fluorescence in the secondary fiber at a longer wavelength. A light detector measures the intensity of secondary fluorescence emitted from an end of the secondary fiber, which is used to calculate the unknown position or length, x. Side-emitting fibers can be used in place of, or in addition to, fluorescent fibers. The all-optical sensor is attractive for applications involving flammable liquids.

Claims

1. An optical position sensor for measuring a length, x, along a one-dimensional curvilinear, coordinate system, X, comprising:

light emission means, having a first portion with a length=x, and a second portion having a length=L−

x, for emitting light along a length=L;

wherein the axial distribution of light emitted by the light emission means is substantially constant along the X-axis;

light collection means for collecting light emitted from the first portion of the light emission means;

means for preventing light emitted from the second portion of the light emission means from being collected by the light collection means; and

light detector means, optically coupled to an upper end of the light collection means, for detecting guided light emitted from the upper end of the light collection means, and for generating an output signal that is proportional to the intensity of detected light; and

processor means operably connected to the light detector means, for calculating the desired length, x, by analyzing the output signal generated by the light detection means;

wherein the output signal generated by the light detection means increases monotonically as the length, x, of the first portion of the light emission means increases;

wherein the optical position sensor does not comprise means for internally reflecting light, emitted from the first portion of the light emission means, off of a transparent liquid sensing surface, in a direction towards the light collection means, when the transparent liquid sensing surface is wetted on its opposite side by a first liquid having a first refractive index; and

wherein the optical position sensor does not comprise means for refracting and transmitting light, emitted from the second portion of the light emission means, through the transparent liquid sensing surface, when the transparent liquid sensing surface is wetted on its opposite side by a second liquid having a second refractive index that is greater than the first refractive index of the first liquid.

2. The sensor of claim 1,

wherein the light emission means comprises a primary fiber

wherein the light collection means comprises a secondary fiber that is spaced apart from the primary fiber by a substantially constant distance, d, wherein d<

<

L; and

wherein the secondary fiber is oriented substantially parallel to the primary fiber.

3. The sensor of claim 2, further comprising a movable opaque divider, disposed in-between the primary and secondary fibers;

said divider being selected from the group consisting of a sheet, baffle, shield, mask, separator, blade, shade, shutter, partition, tube, and cylinder.

4. The sensor of claim 2, wherein the secondary fiber overlaps the first portion of the primary fiber by a length=x, where x≦

L; and

wherein the origin of the X-axis coordinate system is located at an upper end of the primary fiber.

5. The sensor of claim 2,

wherein the primary fiber comprises one or more features selected from the group consisting of (1) a first dopant that emits primary fluorescent light at a first peak wavelength when pumped by excitation light, and (2) side-emitting features;

and

wherein the secondary fiber comprises one or more features selected from the group consisting of (1) a second dopant that emits secondary fluorescent light at a second peak wavelength, when excited by primary fluorescent light emitted by the primary fiber, and (2) side-emitting features.

6. The sensor of claim 5,

wherein the primary fiber is located at the central axis of a structural tube;

wherein the light collection means comprises a plurality of secondary fibers disposed uniformly around the inner perimeter of the structural tube, oriented in a direction parallel to the tube'"'"'s central axis; and

wherein the open space inside of the structural tube comprises a clear fluid, an opaque fluid, or both.

7. The sensor of claim 5,

wherein the primary fiber is located at one focus of a hollow, elliptically-shaped structural tube that has a reflective inner surface;

wherein the secondary fiber is located at the other focus of said elliptical tube, with both fibers being oriented in a direction parallel to the tube'"'"'s central axis; and

wherein the open space inside of the structural tube comprises a clear fluid, an opaque fluid, or both.

8. The sensor of claim 5,

wherein the primary fiber is located at the central axis of a round structural tube;

wherein the secondary optical fiber is wound in the shape of a helical coil that is disposed inside of, and is concentric with, the round structural tube; and

wherein the open space inside of the structural tube comprises a clear fluid, an opaque fluid, or both.

9. The sensor of claim 8, further comprising:

an outer optical waveguide in the shape of a hollow cylinder; and

an inner optical waveguide in the shape of a hollow cylinder;

wherein the outer cylindrical waveguide is concentric with the round structural tube, and is located in-between the helically-coiled secondary fiber and the inner perimeter of the tube;

wherein the inner cylindrical waveguide is concentric with the round structural tube, and is located inside of the helically-coiled secondary fiber; and

wherein the open space inside of the structural tube comprises a clear fluid, an opaque fluid, or both.

10. The sensor of claim 5,

wherein the primary fiber and the secondary fiber are disposed inside of a rectangular-shaped structural tube that has a reflective inner surface;

wherein the primary fiber is located along one side of rectangular tube; and

the secondary fiber is located along the opposite side of the rectangular tube;

wherein the fibers are oriented in a direction parallel to the tube'"'"'s central axis; and

wherein the open space inside of the structural tube comprises a clear fluid, an opaque fluid, or both.

11. The sensor of claim 2,

wherein the primary fiber comprises side-emitting features, disposed on only one side of the primary fiber, that restrict light emitted in the radial direction to be within a narrow angular spread, ranging from about 5 to 45 degrees;

and

wherein the secondary fiber comprises side-emitting features, disposed on only one side of the secondary fiber, that restrict light collected in the radial direction to be within a narrow angular spread, ranging from about 5 to 45 degrees.

12. The sensor of claim 1,

wherein the light emission means and the light collection means are combined into a single, dual-purpose co-doped fiber that is co-doped with two dopants:

a first dopant that emits primary fluorescent light at a first peak wavelength, and a second dopant that emits secondary fluorescent light at a second peak wavelength when exited by the primary fluorescent light;

further comprising a laser or LED source that passes pump light through a beamsplitter before being optically coupled to an upper end of the co-doped fiber; and

wherein light emitted from the upper end of the co-doped fiber reflects off the beamsplitter in a direction towards the light detector means.

13. The sensor of claim 12,

wherein the co-doped fiber is surrounded by, and is located at the central axis of, a hollow, structural tube having a reflective inner surface;

wherein the co-doped fiber has a total length=L, a first portion with a length=x, and a second portion having a length=L−

x; and

wherein the first portion of the co-doped fiber is the same as the first portion of the light emission means, and the second portion of the co-doped fiber is the same as the second portion of the light emission means; and

wherein primary fluorescent light, when excited by the pump light, is emitted by the first portion of the co-doped fiber, then reflects off of the reflective inner surface of the tube, and then travels back towards the first portion of the co-doped fiber, whereupon the reflected primary fluorescent light is absorbed and then excites secondary fluorescence in the co-doped fiber;

some of which is guided inside of the co-doped fiber back towards the beamsplitter, which directs the secondary fluorescent light to the light detector means.

14. The sensor of claim 13, wherein the reflective inner surface of the structural tube extends along the entire length, L, of the co-doped fiber;

and wherein the open space inside of the structural tube comprises a clear fluid, an opaque fluid, or both.

15. The sensor of claim 13, wherein the reflective structural tube overlaps at least part of the co-doped fiber by a length=x.

16. The sensor of claim 1,

wherein the light emission means and the light collection means are combined into a single, dual-purpose side-emitting fiber with side-emitting features;

further comprising a laser or LED source that passes pump light through a beamsplitter before being optically coupled to an upper end of the side-emitting fiber; and

wherein light emitted from the upper end of the side-emitting fiber reflects off the beamsplitter in a direction towards the light detector means.

17. The sensor of claim 16,

wherein the side-emitting fiber is surrounded by, and is located at the central axis of, a hollow, structural tube having a reflective inner surface;

wherein the side-emitting fiber has a total length=L, a first portion with a length=x, and a second portion having a length=L−

x; and

wherein the first portion of the side-emitting fiber is the same as the first portion of the light emission means, and the second portion of the side-emitting fiber is the same as the second portion of the light emission means; and

wherein light emitted by the first portion of the side-emitting fiber reflects off of the reflective inner surface of the tube, and then travels back towards the first portion of the side-emitting fiber, whereupon some of the reflected light is collected by the side-emitting fiber, and then is guided inside of the side-emitting fiber back towards the beamsplitter, which directs the collected light to the light detection means.

18. The sensor of claim 16, wherein the reflective inner surface of the structural tube extends along the entire length, L, of the side-emitting fiber;

and wherein the open space inside of the structural tube comprises a clear fluid, an opaque fluid, or both.

19. The sensor of claim 16, wherein the reflective structural tube overlaps at least part of the side-emitting fiber by a length=x.

20. A method of measuring a length, x, along a one-dimensional curvilinear, coordinate system, X, comprising:

a) emitting light from a primary fiber having a length=L, a first portion having a length=x, and a second portion having a length=L−

x;

b) collecting light emitted from the first portion of the primary fiber with a secondary fiber oriented substantially parallel to the primary fiber, and spaced apart from the primary fiber by a substantially constant distance, d, wherein d<

<

L;

c) trapping and guiding some of the collected light inside of the secondary fiber;

d) preventing light, emitted from the second portion of the primary fiber, from being collected by the secondary fiber;

e) detecting, with a light detector that is optically coupled to an upper end of the secondary fiber, guided light that is emitted from the upper end of the secondary fiber; and

f) calculating the desired length measurement, x, by analyzing an output signal, generated by the light detector, that increases monotonically as the length, x, of the first portion of the primary fiber increases;

wherein the method does not comprise internally reflecting light, emitted from the first portion, off of a first side of a transparent liquid sensing surface, in a direction towards the light detector, when the transparent liquid sensing surface is wetted on its opposite side by a first liquid having a first refractive index; and

wherein the method does not comprise refracting and transmitting light, emitted from the second portion, through the transparent liquid sensing surface, when a second fluid, having a second refractive index that is greater than the first refractive index, is present on the wetted side of the transparent liquid sensing surface.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the primary fiber comprises a first dopant that emits primary fluorescent light at a first peak wavelength, and the secondary fiber comprises a second dopant that emits secondary fluorescent light at a second peak wavelength when excited by primary fluorescent light from the primary fiber;

and wherein;

step e) comprises exciting primary fluorescent light to be emitted along the entire length, L, of the primary fiber;

step f) comprises collecting primary fluorescent light emitted from the first portion; and

then exciting, with the collected primary fluorescent light, the second dopant to emit secondary fluorescent light at the second peak wavelength, some of which is trapped and guided within the secondary fiber;

step h) comprises preventing primary fluorescent light, emitted from the second portion, from being collected by the secondary fiber; and

step i) comprises detecting the intensity of guided secondary fluorescent light emitted from the end of the secondary fiber.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the step of preventing primary fluorescent light emitted from the second portion from being collected by the secondary fiber light comprises blocking and preventing light emitted from the second portion of the primary fiber from illuminating the secondary fiber by using an opaque divider disposed in-between the primary and secondary fibers.

23. The method of claim 20, further comprising;

inserting and supporting the primary and secondary fibers vertically in a tank containing two immiscible fluids;

a denser, clear fluid resting on the bottom of the tank, and a lighter, opaque fluid resting on top of the clear fluid;

wherein the interface between the clear and opaque fluids is located at a height above the bottom of the tank=x;

wherein each fiber has a bottom end at the bottom of the tank so that the origin of the one-dimensional coordinate system at x=0 is located at the bottom of the tank;

wherein step e) comprises transmitting light emitted from the first portion, through the clear fluid, to the secondary fiber; and

wherein step h) comprises using the opaque fluid to block and prevent light emitted from the second portion from illuminating the secondary fiber.

24. The method of claim 20, wherein:

the primary fiber overlaps the secondary fiber by a length=x;

the primary and secondary fibers are movable with respect to each other along the X-axis;

step e) comprises transmitting light emitted from the first portion, across to the adjacent, overlapping portion of the secondary fiber, to the secondary fiber; and

step h) comprises not illuminating the secondary fiber with light emitted from the second portion, because there is no overlap between the second portion of the primary fiber and the secondary fiber.

25. The method of claim 20, wherein;

the primary and the secondary fibers each comprise side-emitting features;

step e) comprises sending light into the primary fiber, and then using the side-emitting features to scatter this light radially outwards;

step f) comprises collecting scattered light emitted from the first portion of the primary fiber by using the side-emitting features of the secondary fiber; and

step h) comprises preventing scattered light emitted from the second portion of the primary fiber from being collected by the secondary fiber.

26. The method of claim 20, further comprising using Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) to determine the length, x, by measuring the amount of time that it takes for a pulse of light to travel through the fibers from beginning to end.

27. The method of claim 26, further comprising using ODTR to determine the thickness of an emulsion layer disposed in-between a clear and an opaque fluid, by measuring changes in the amplitude of the pulse of light as it travels through the fibers from beginning to end.

28. An optical position sensor for measuring a length, x, along a one-dimensional curvilinear, coordinate system, X, comprising:

light emission means, having a first portion with a length=x, and a second portion having a length=L−

x, for emitting light along a length=L;

wherein the axial distribution of light emitted by the light emission means is substantially constant along the X-axis;

light collection means for collecting light emitted from the first portion of the light emission means;

means for preventing light emitted from the second portion of the light emission means from being collected by the light collection means; and

light detector means, optically coupled to an upper end of the light collection means, for detecting guided light emitted from the upper end of the light collection means, and for generating an output signal that is proportional to the intensity of detected light; and

processor means operably connected to the light detector means, for calculating the desired length, x, by analyzing the output signal generated by the light detection means;

wherein the output signal generated by the light detection means increases monotonically as the length, x, of the first portion of the light emission means increases;

wherein the light emission means and the light collection means are combined into a single, dual-purpose, side-emitting fiber;

further comprising a laser or LED source that passes pump light through a beamsplitter before being optically coupled to an upper end of the side-emitting fiber; and

wherein light emitted from the upper end of the side-emitting fiber reflects off the beamsplitter in a direction towards the light detector means;

wherein the side-emitting fiber is surrounded by, and is located at the central axis of, a hollow, structural tube having a reflective inner surface;

wherein light emitted by the first portion of the side-emitting fiber reflects off of the reflective inner surface of the tube, and then travels back towards the first portion of the side-emitting fiber, whereupon some of the reflected light is collected by the side-emitting fiber, and then is guided inside of the side-emitting fiber back towards the beamsplitter, which directs the collected light to the light detection means;

wherein the reflective inner surface of the structural tube extends along the entire length, L, of the side-emitting fiber; and

wherein the open space inside of the structural tube comprises a clear fluid, an opaque fluid, or both;

wherein the optical position sensor does not comprise means for internally reflecting light, emitted from the first portion of the light emission means, off of a transparent liquid sensing surface, in a direction towards the light collection means, when the transparent liquid sensing surface is wetted on its opposite side by a first liquid having a first refractive index; and

wherein the optical position sensor does not comprise means for refracting and transmitting light, emitted from the second portion of the light emission means, through the transparent liquid sensing surface, when the transparent liquid sensing surface is wetted on its opposite side by a second liquid having a second refractive index that is greater than the first refractive index of the first liquid.