Blended powder solid-supersolidus liquid phase sintering

• US 7,070,734 B2
• Filed: 03/16/2004
• Issued: 07/04/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 07/12/2002
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: The ExOne Company (Desktop Metal, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: The ExOne Company (Desktop Metal, Inc.)
• Inventors: Liu, Jianxin, Ryneson, Michael L.
• Primary Examiner(s): MAI, NGOCLAN THI
• Application Number:
  US10/801,970
• Publication Number:
  US 20060083652A1
• Time in Patent Office: 840 Days
• Field of Search: 419/23, 419/36, 419/40, 419/47, 419/3
• US Class Current: 419/6
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 1/052 characterised by a mixture of particles of different sizes or by the particle size distribution
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 1/09 Mixtures of metallic powders
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 10/14 by jetting of binder onto a bed of metal powder
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 10/16 by embedding the binder within the powder bed
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 2998/00 Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 3/1035 Liquid phase sintering
• CPC Class Codes: B33Y 70/00 Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
• CPC Class Codes: B33Y 80/00 Products made by additive manufacturing
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 10/25 Process efficiency

Abstract

A green article comprising an A-B powder mixture and methods of manufacturing such green articles and corresponding sintered articles are disclosed. The A-B powder mixture consists of a minor volume fraction of a relatively fine powder A and a complementary major volume fraction of a relatively coarse prealloyed powder B wherein the A-B powder mean particle size ratio is at least about 1:5. Metal powder A consists of one or more elemental metals or alloys which has a melting or solidus temperature above the highest sintering temperature at which the A-B powder mixture may be sintered without slumping. Prealloyed metal powder B consists of one or more alloys which are amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering. Green articles made from the A-B powder have a wider sintering temperature window than do articles made from prealloyed metal powder B alone.

Claims

1. A method of producing a green article having an enhanced sintering temperature window, said method comprising the steps of:

a) mixing together a minor volume fraction of a relatively fine metal powder and a complementary major volume fraction of a relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder to produce a metal powder mixture; and

b) forming a green article from said metal powder mixture;

wherein the relatively fine metal is essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping, the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering, and the ratio of the mean particle size of the relatively fine metal powder to the mean particle size of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is at least about 1;

5.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises powder containerization.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises a free-forming layer-wise buildup technique.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the free-forming layer-wise buildup technique is three-dimensional printing.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein the free-forming layer-wise buildup technique is selective laser sintering.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises metal injection molding.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises die pressing.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of providing the relatively fine metal powder, wherein the relatively fine metal powder consists of more than one elemental metal or metal alloy, each of said elemental metals or metal alloys being essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of providing the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder, wherein the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder consists of more than one metal alloy, each of said metal alloys being amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering.

10. A method of producing a green article having an enhanced sintering temperature window, said method comprising the steps of:

a) mixing together a minor volume fraction of a relatively fine metal powder and a complementary major volume fraction of a relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder to produce a metal powder mixture; and

b) forming a green article from said metal powder mixture;

wherein said minor volume fraction of a relatively fine metal powder consists of at least two sub-fractions of successively finer mean particle size, each of said successive sub-fractions consists of metal powder that is essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping, the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering, the ratio of the mean particle size of the coarsest of said successive sub-fractions to the mean particle size of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is at least about 1;

5, and the ratio of the mean particle size of each finer successive sub-fraction to the mean particle size of an immediately preceding coarser successive sub-fraction is at least about 1;

5.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises powder containerization.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises a free-forming layer-wise buildup technique.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the free-forming layer-wise buildup technique is three-dimensional printing.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the free-forming layer-wise buildup technique is selective laser sintering.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises metal injection molding.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises die pressing.

17. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of providing the relatively fine metal powder, wherein at least one of the successive sub-fractions consists of two or more elemental metals or metal alloys, each of said elemental metals or metal alloys being essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping.

18. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of providing the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder, wherein the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder consists of more than one metal alloy, each of said metal alloys being amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering.

19. A method of densifying a green article, said method comprising the steps of:

a) mixing together a minor volume fraction of a relatively fine metal powder and complementary major volume fraction of a relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder to produce a metal powder mixture;

b) forming a green article from said metal powder mixture;

c) heating the green article to a sintering temperature that is below the liquidus temperature of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder; and

d) holding the green article at said sintering temperature for a time of sufficiently long duration to densify the green article;

wherein the relatively fine metal powder is essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping, the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering, and the ratio of the mean particle size of the relatively fine metal powder to the mean particle size of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is at least about 1;

5.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the green article to a sintering temperature that is below the solidus temperature of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the green article to a sintering temperature that is between the solidus temperature and the liquidus temperature of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder.

22. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of providing the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder, wherein the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder consists of more than one metal alloy and each of said metal alloys is amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering, and said step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the green article to a sintering temperature that is lower than the liquidus temperature of each of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder metal alloys.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein said step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the green article to a sintering temperature that is lower than the solidus temperature of each of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder metal alloys.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein said step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the green article to a sintering temperature that exceeds the solidus temperature of each of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder metal alloys.

25. The method of claim 19, further comprising the step of providing the relatively fine metal powder, wherein the relatively fine metal powder consists of more than one elemental metal or metal alloy, each of said elemental metals or metal alloys being essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping.

26. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises powder containerization.

27. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises a free-forming layer-wise buildup technique.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the free-forming layer-wise buildup technique is three-dimensional printing.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the free-forming layer-wise buildup technique is selective laser sintering.

30. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises metal injection molding.

31. The method of claim 19, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises die pressing.

32. A method of densifying a green article, said method comprising the steps of:

a) mixing together a minor volume fraction of a relatively fine metal powder and complementary major volume fraction of a relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder to produce a metal powder mixture;

b) forming a green article from said metal powder mixture;

c) heating the green article to a sintering temperature that is below the liquidus temperature of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder; and

d) holding the green article at said sintering temperature for a time of sufficiently long duration to densify the green article;

wherein said minor volume fraction of a relatively fine metal powder consists of at least two sub-fractions of successively finer mean particle size, each of said successive sub-fractions consists of metal powder that is essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping, the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering, the ratio of the mean particle size of the coarsest of said successive sub-fractions to the mean particle size of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is at least about 1;

5, and the ratio of the mean particle size of each finer successive sub-fraction to the mean particle size of an immediately preceding coarser successive sub-fraction is at least about 1;

5.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the green article to a sintering temperature that is below the solidus temperature of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder.

34. The method of claim 32, wherein the step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the article to a sintering temperature that is between the solidus temperature and the liquidus temperature of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder.

35. The method of claim 32, further comprising the step of providing the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder, wherein the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder consists of more than one metal alloy and each of said metal alloys is amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering, and said step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the green article to a sintering temperature that is lower than the liquidus temperature of each of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder metal alloys.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein said step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the green article to a sintering temperature that is lower than the solidus temperature of each of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder metal alloys.

37. The method of claim 35, wherein said step of heating the green article to a sintering temperature comprises heating the green article to a sintering temperature that exceeds the solidus temperature of each of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder metal alloys.

38. The method of claim 32, further comprising the step of providing the relatively fine metal powder, wherein at least one of the successive sub-fractions consists of two or more elemental metals or metal alloys, each of said elemental metals or metal alloys being essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping.

39. The method of claim 32, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises powder containerization.

40. The method of claim 32, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises a free-forming layer-wise buildup technique.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the free-forming layer-wise buildup technique is three-dimensional printing.

42. The method of claim 40, wherein the free-forming layer-wise buildup technique is selective laser sintering.

43. The method of claim 32, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises metal injection molding.

44. The method of claim 32, wherein said step of forming a green article further comprises die pressing.

45. A method of layer-wise free-forming a green article, said method comprising the steps of:

a) mixing together a minor volume fraction of a relatively fine metal powder and a complementary major volume fraction of a relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder to produce a metal powder mixture; and

b) selectively binding together metal powder particles of the metal powder mixture within each metal powder layer of a sequentially applied series of metal powder layers to form the green article;

wherein step a) is performed prior to step b), the relatively fine metal is essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping, the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering, and the ratio of the mean particle size of the relatively fine metal powder to the mean particle size of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is at least about 1;

5.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the step of selectively binding together metal powder particles includes selectively jet-spraying a fugitive binder onto the metal powder particles.

47. The method of claim 45, wherein the step of selectively binding together metal powder particles includes selectively scanning the metal powder particles with a laser beam.

48. The method of claim 45, further comprising the step of providing the relatively fine metal powder, wherein the relatively fine metal powder consists of more than one elemental metal or metal alloy, each of said elemental metals or metal alloys being essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping.

49. The method of claim 45, further comprising the step of providing the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder, wherein the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder consists of more than one metal alloy, each of said metal alloys being amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering.

50. The method of claim 45, wherein the step of selectively binding together metal powder particles includes using a mask to selectively expose the metal powder particles to light.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the step of mixing includes making a slurry of the metal powder mixture and a volatile liquid, and wherein at least one metal layer of said sequentially applied series of metal powder layers is applied in the form of said slurry.

52. A method of layer-wise free-forming a green article, said method comprising the steps of:

a) mixing together a minor volume fraction of a relatively fine metal powder and a complementary major volume fraction of a relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder to produce a metal powder mixture; and

b) selectively binding together metal powder particles of the metal powder mixture within each metal powder layer of a sequentially applied series of metal powder layers to form the green article;

wherein step a) is performed prior to step b), said minor volume fraction of a relatively fine metal powder consists of at least two sub-fractions of successively finer mean particle size, each of said successive sub-fractions consists of metal powder that is essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping, the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering, the ratio of the mean particle size of the coarsest of said successive sub-fractions to the mean particle size of the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder is at least about 1;

5, and the ratio of the mean particle size of each finer successive sub-fraction to the mean particle size of an immediately preceding coarser successive sub-fraction is at least about 1;

5.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the step of selectively binding together metal powder particles includes selectively jet-spraying a fugitive binder onto the metal powder particles.

54. The method of claim 52, wherein the step of selectively binding together metal powder particles includes selectively scanning the metal powder particles with a laser beam.

55. The method of claim 52, further comprising the step of providing the relatively fine metal powder, wherein at least one of the successive sub-fractions consists of two or more elemental metals or metal alloys, each of said elemental metals or metal alloys being essentially solid at the highest sintering temperature at which the green article can be sintered without slumping.

56. The method of claim 52, further comprising the step of providing the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder, wherein the relatively coarse prealloyed metal powder consists of more than one metal alloy, each of said metal alloys being amenable to supersolidus liquid phase sintering.

57. The method of claim 52, wherein the step of selectively binding together metal powder particles includes using a mask to selectively expose the metal powder particles to light.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the step of mixing includes making a slurry of the metal powder mixture and a volatile liquid, and wherein at least one metal layer of said sequentially applied series of metal powder layers is applied in the form of said slurry.