High efficiency linear regulator

• US 7,084,612 B2
• Filed: 04/30/2004
• Issued: 08/01/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 04/30/2004
• Status: Expired

• Current Assignee: Micrel Incorporated (Microchip Technology Incorporated)
• Original Assignee: Micrel Incorporated (Microchip Technology Incorporated)
• Inventors: Zinn, Raymond
• Primary Examiner(s): Sterrett, Jeffrey
• Application Number:
  US10/837,228
• Publication Number:
  US 20050242792A1
• Time in Patent Office: 823 Days
• Field of Search: 323/266, 323/268, 323/28, 323/273, 323/282, 323/284, 323/285
• US Class Current: 323/266
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/0045 Converters combining the concepts of switch-mode regulation and linear regulation, e.g. linear pre-regulator to switching converter, linear and switching converter in parallel, same converter or same transistor operating either in linear or switching mode
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/158 including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load

Abstract

A single chip hybrid regulator is disclosed having a first stage being a switching regulator and a second stage being a linear regulator. The switching regulator uses a filter circuit including an inductor and a capacitor. To make the hybrid regulator very small, the inductor value is selected so that the inductor saturates at a current level well below the maximum load current for the regulator. At low load currents, the small inductor does not saturate, and the regulated voltage applied to the input of the linear regulator presents only a small differential voltage across the series transistor of the linear regulator, resulting in very little power being wasted by the series transistor. At higher currents, the small inductor begins to saturate or fully saturates; however, the increased ripple is smoothed by the linear regulator. For applications, such as cell phones, where the regulator operates at low currents for the vast majority of the time, the overall efficiency of the regulator is extremely high and the regulated voltage is very smooth. As the inductor becomes highly saturated, or if the switching regulator cannot supply sufficient current, the switching regulator may be bypassed by the closing of a switch to continuously couple the power supply input voltage to the input of the linear regulator.

Claims

1. A voltage regulator comprising:

a switching voltage regulator comprising a power switch electrically coupled to a first terminal of an inductor, the switch being controlled to turn on and off based on a feedback signal to the switching voltage regulator; and

a linear regulator, having an input electrically coupled to a second terminal of the inductor, for smoothing out ripples in the voltage applied to the input and outputting a regulated voltage,

the combined switching regulator and linear regulator for providing a maximum load current, the inductor having an inductance value such that the inductor at least partially saturates at load currents below the maximum load current.

2. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the input of the linear regulator is directly coupled to the second terminal of the inductor.

3. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the inductor begins to saturate at 75% of the maximum load current.

4. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the inductor begins to saturate at 50% of the maximum load current.

5. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the inductor begins to saturate at 40% of the maximum load current.

6. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the inductor begins to saturate at 30% of the maximum load current.

7. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the inductor begins to saturate at 20% of the maximum load current.

8. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the inductor begins to saturate at 10% of the maximum load current.

9. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the inductor fully saturates at a current below at 75% of the maximum load current.

10. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the switching regulator is a buck regulator.

11. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the switching regulator is a pulse width modulation regulator.

12. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the linear regulator comprises an error amplifier controlling the conductance of a series transistor coupled between the input and output of the linear regulator.

13. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the combined switching regulator and linear regulator is formed as a single integrated circuit.

14. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the combined switching regulator, linear regulator, and inductor is formed as a single integrated circuit.

15. The regulator of claim 1 further comprising a filter capacitor coupled to the second terminal of the inductor.

16. The regulator of claim 1 further comprising:

a current sensor for sensing when a current exceeds a threshold and, in response to the sensing, issuing a first signal; and

logic circuitry coupled to the power switch for forcing on the power switch in response to the first signal so a power supply input voltage terminal is continuously coupled to the input of the linear regulator.

17. The regulator of claim 16 wherein the first signal is generated at a current level that causes the inductor to be at least partially saturated during a switching cycle.

18. The regulator of claim 1 further comprising:

a current sensor for sensing when a current exceeds a threshold and, in response to the sensing, issuing a first signal; and

a switch, other than the power switch, for continuously coupling a power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator in response to the first signal.

19. The regulator of claim 18 wherein the first signal is generated at a current level that causes the inductor to be at least partially saturated during a switching cycle.

20. The regulator of claim 1 wherein the regulated voltage output by the linear regulator is coupled to circuitry in an electrical device that operates in a low current mode for a majority of the time, where the inductor does not operate in saturation.

21. The regulator of claim 20 wherein the electrical device is a cellular telephone.

22. A voltage regulator comprising:

a switching voltage regulator comprising a power switch electrically coupled to a first terminal of an inductor, the switch being controlled to turn on and off based on a feedback signal to the switching voltage regulator;

a linear regulator, having an input electrically coupled to a second terminal of the inductor, for smoothing out ripples in the voltage applied to the input and outputting a regulated voltage;

a current sensor for sensing when a current exceeds a threshold and, in response to the sensing, issuing a first signal; and

a switch, other than the power switch, for continuously coupling a power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator in response to the first signal.

23. The regulator of claim 22 wherein the combined switching regulator and linear regulator is for providing up to a maximum load current, wherein the switching regulator is unable to provide the maximum load current, and wherein the first signal causes the switch to continuously couple the power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator during times when the switching regulator is unable to provide sufficient current to power a load.

24. A method performed by a hybrid regulator, the regulator for providing a maximum load current, comprising:

generating a pulsed signal by a switching regulator turning on and off a power switch, the pulsed signal being applied to an inductor and a capacitor to generate a first regulated voltage at a first terminal;

controlling the conductance of a series transistor in a linear regulator, having a second terminal electrically coupled to the first terminal, so that a second regulated voltage is generated at an output terminal of the linear regulator; and

at least partially saturating the inductor prior to the hybrid regulator generating the maximum load current.

25. The method of claim 24 wherein the step of at least partially saturating the inductor comprises at least partially saturating the inductor prior to the regulator reaching 50% of the maximum load current.

26. The method of claim 24 further comprising controlling the power switch to continuously stay on, after a current threshold is detected indicative of the inductor being in at least a partially saturated state, so as to continuously couple a power supply voltage to the input of the linear regulator.

27. The method of claim 24 further comprising controlling a switch, other than the power switch, to continuously stay on, after a current threshold is detected indicative of the inductor being in at least a partially saturated state, so as to continuously couple a power supply voltage to the input of the linear regulator.

28. A method performed by a hybrid regulator, the regulator for providing a maximum load current, comprising:

generating a pulsed signal by a switching regulator turning on and off a power switch, the pulsed signal being applied to an inductor and a capacitor to generate a first regulated voltage at a first terminal;

controlling the conductance of a series transistor in a linear regulator, having a second terminal electrically coupled to the first terminal, so that a second regulated voltage is generated at an output terminal of the linear regulator;

sensing when a current exceeds a threshold and, in response to the sensing, issuing a first signal; and

controlling a switch, other than the power switch, for continuously coupling a power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator in response to the first signal.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein the switching regulator is unable to provide the maximum load current, and wherein the step of controlling the switch comprises controlling the switch to continuously couple the power supply input voltage terminal to the input of the linear regulator during times when the switching regulator is unable to provide sufficient current to power the load.

30. A hybrid voltage regulator comprising:

a switching voltage regulator comprising a power switch electrically coupled to a first terminal of an inductor, the switch being controlled to turn on and off based on a feedback signal to the switching voltage regulator;

a linear regulator, having an input electrically coupled to a second terminal of the inductor, for smoothing out ripples in the voltage applied to the input and outputting a regulated voltage;

a current sense amplifier connected to detect the output current of the linear regulator; and

a current limit comparator receiving a signal from the current sense amplifier and generating a current limit signal when the current output by the linear regulator exceeds a threshold,

the current limit comparator being connected to suspend operation of the voltage regulator when the current limit signal is generated.