Perceptual modeling of media signals based on local contrast and directional edges

• US 7,088,844 B2
• Filed: 10/10/2003
• Issued: 08/08/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 06/19/2000
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Original Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Inventors: Reed, Alastair M., Hannigan, Brett T., Bradley, Brett A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Wu, Jingge
• Assistant Examiner(s): Tabatabai, Abolfazl
• Application Number:
  US10/684,213
• Publication Number:
  US 20040136565A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,033 Days
• Field of Search: 382/100, 382/232, 380/51, 380/54, 380/210, 380/252, 380/287, 370/522, 370/529, 283/901, 283/902, 386/94, 713/176, 725/20
• US Class Current: 382/100
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0028 Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/3216 using Fourier transforms
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32165 using cosine transforms
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/3217 using wavelet transforms
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32187 with selective or adaptive application of the additional information, e.g. in selected frequency coefficients
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32192 according to calculated or estimated visibility of the additional information in the image

Abstract

A perceptual model performs an analysis of a media signal, such as an image or audio signal. The model may be used in media signal processing applications such as digital watermarking and data compression to reduce perceptibility of changes made to code the signal. In one implementation, a method of reducing human perceptibility of visible artifacts attributable to embedding a digital watermark in a media signal is provided. The method determines a contrast measurement for local areas of the media signal; adjusts a contrast measurement for a local area if the contrast measurement is above a predetermined level; and embeds the digital watermark in the local areas in a manner determined at least in part by their respective contrast measurement.

Claims

1. A method of reducing human perceptibility of visible artifacts attributable to embedding a digital watermark in a media signal, said method comprising:

determining a contrast measurement for at least some local areas of the media signal;

adjusting a contrast measurement for a local area if the contrast measurement is above a predetermined level; and

embedding the digital watermark in the at least some local areas in a manner determined at least in part by their respective contrast measurement.

2. The method claim 1, wherein the predetermined level is determined with respect to an average contrast measurement for at least a portion of the media signal.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining step comprises filtering.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the filtering comprises non-linear filtering.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the media signal comprises at least one of an image or video.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the contrast measurement helps to identify areas within the image having relatively noisy contrast.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein watermark embedding strength is increased for relatively noisy contrast areas.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined level comprises an expected peak contrast level for the media signal.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the contrast measurement comprises at least a measure of luminance contrast.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusting comprises at least one of reducing the measurement and penalizing the measurement.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein said embedding the digital watermark in the local areas in a manner determined at least in part by their respective contrast measurement comprises varying watermark embedding strength as determined by contrast measurement.

12. A method of reducing human perceptibility of visible artifacts attributable to embedding a digital watermark in a media signal, said method comprising:

determining a contrast measurement for local areas of the media signal;

adjusting a contrast measurement for a local area if the contrast measurement is above a predetermined level;

analyzing the media signal to compute a measure of directional edges in the signal; and

embedding the digital watermark in the local areas as determined at least in part by their respective contrast measurement and measure of directional edges.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising computing control data based at least in part on the measure of directional edges.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the control data is used to selectively suppress a digital watermark signal around the directional edges in a manner that controls human perceptibility of the digital watermark signal embedded within the media signal.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the adjusting comprises at least one of reducing and penalizing.

16. An apparatus comprising:

electronic processing circuitry;

memory in communication with the electronic processing circuitry, said memory including executable instructions stored thereon, said instructions to be executed by said electronic processing circuitry, said instructions comprising instructions to;

analyze a media signal to;

i) determine a measure of directional edges at samples in the media signal;

ii) measure local contrast at samples in the media signal;

iii) map local contrast to a measure of sensitivity;

use data representing the measure of directional edges and the measure of sensitivity to compute control data; and

adjust steganographic embedding of the media signal according to the control data in a manner that minimizes perceptibility of the embedding.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein at least the data representing the measure of the directional edges is used to selectively suppress signal strength of the steganographic embedding around directional edges.

18. The apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the steganographic embedding comprises digital watermarking.

19. The apparatus according to claim 16, where said executable instructions to analyze a media signal further comprise instructions to:

adjust a measure of local contrast if the measure is above a predetermined level.

20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the adjusting comprises at least one of reducing or penalizing.

21. A method comprising:

receiving a media signal;

determining characteristics of the media signal;

based at least in part on characteristics of the media signal, determining a characteristic map for the media signal; and

hiding plural-bit data in the media signal in accordance with the characteristic map,

wherein the hiding of the plural-bit data across the media signal is non-uniform in accordance with the characteristic map.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the characteristics comprise at least a contrast measurement and a directional edge measurement.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the characteristic map identifies areas within media signal comprising relatively noisy contrast.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein hiding strength is increased for relatively noisy contrast areas.

25. The method of claim 21, the characteristic map identifies areas within media signal comprising an expected peak contrast level for the media signal.

26. The method of claim 21, wherein the characteristic map identifies areas within the media signal in terms of luminance contrast.

27. The method of claim 21, wherein at least one characteristic represents a measure of directional edges, and wherein the characteristic map identifies directional edges that should be suppressed when the hiding the plural-bit data.