Updating flash memory

• US 7,089,549 B2
• Filed: 04/01/2002
• Issued: 08/08/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 04/01/2002
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: AirBNB Incorporated
• Original Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation
• Inventors: Venkiteswaran, Sreekrishnan
• Primary Examiner(s): Chaki, Kakali
• Assistant Examiner(s): Roche, Trenton J.
• Application Number:
  US10/115,203
• Publication Number:
  US 20030229752A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,590 Days
• Field of Search: 717168-178, 713/2, 711/170
• US Class Current: 717/170
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 12/0246 in block erasable memory, e.g. flash memory
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 12/0638 Combination of memories, e.g. ROM and RAM such as to permit replacement or supplementing of words in one module by words in another module address formation of the next microinstruction G06F9/26; masking faults in memories by using spares or by reconfiguring G11C29/70
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2212/205 Hybrid memory, e.g. using both volatile and non-volatile memory
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2212/7201 Logical to physical mapping or translation of blocks or pages
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 8/654 using techniques specially adapted for alterable solid state memories, e.g. for EEPROM or flash memories
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/4401 Bootstrapping security arrangements therefor G06F21/57
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/4408 Boot device selection

Abstract

Embedded devices typically have an operating system, one or more file-systems, as well as a bootloader and other data components resident in flash memory. During software development and testing, there is frequently a need to selectively update a combination of such images. The described technique organizes the images in the flash memory such that one can speed up the update process by eliminating relocation of existing images. A command-driven update mechanism provides a flexible process—eg, one can upload the images back to a host, one can update the update code itself, etc. A start handshake is used that enables auto-detection of the embedded serial port that is used for the update.

Claims

1. A method of selectively updating, with corresponding replacement images, any combination of one or more images of a plurality of binary images recorded on a memory medium having a plurality of continuous memory sectors that are erased before being rewritten, the method comprising the steps of:

a) determining whether an updating operation is to be performed;

b) determining memory addresses of the memory medium at which a corresponding replacement image can be recorded;

c) erasing said determined memory addresses; and

d) writing said corresponding replacement image to the determined memory addresses of the memory medium, wherein said one or more binary images comprise;

at least one kernel image, at least one file-system image, a boot-loader image, an update logic image and a scratch area image, wherein update logic performs determining step b) responsive to start addresses and sizes of memory medium resident images stored in the scratch area image, and wherein the writing in step d) includes writing replacement data for the replacement image only in respective sectors where the replacement data does not match original data of the replacement image in the respective sectors.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said boot-loader image and said update logic image are recorded at different ends of a predetermined portion of the memory medium, wherein the predetermined portion of the memory medium is at the start of the memory medium.

3. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said scratch area image is recorded directly following said predetermined portion of the memory medium.

7. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the step of:

comparing the size of the selected image with the size of the corresponding replacement image.

8. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

determining whether the size of the replacement image is less than or equal to the size of the selected image; and

, if not;

determining whether said replacement image can be accommodated by free capacity in the memory medium.

9. The method as claimed in claim 8, wherein if the size of the replacement image is smaller than or equal to the size of the selected image, the replacement image is written to at least part of one or more memory fragments that comprise the selected image.

10. The method as claimed in claim 8, further comprising the step of:

terminating the update operation and alerting the user that there is insufficient free capacity in the memory medium to accommodate the replacement image, if said replacement image cannot be accommodated by free capacity in the memory medium.

11. The method as claimed in claim 8, further comprising the step of:

determining whether the replacement image can be accommodated by memory addresses of the selected image and any free memory addresses that directly follow the selected image, if the size of the replacement image is greater than the size of the corresponding replacement image.

12. The method as claimed in claim 11, further comprising the step of:

revising the recorded end address of the selected image to take into account any free memory addresses directly following the selected image, if the size of replacement image is greater than the size of the corresponding replacement image.

13. The method as claimed in claim 12, further comprising the step of:

successively identifying free memory fragments of the memory medium that can each individually accommodate part of the replacement image until the replacement image can be accommodated by the successively identified free fragments in combination.

14. The method as claimed in claim 13, further comprising the step of:

identifying one or more memory fragments for the replacement image such that portions of the replacement image can be recorded across a minimum number of memory fragments.

20. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

determining if the memory addresses on which the replacement image is to be recorded correspond with memory sectors on which there are recorded images that are not to be updated; and

, if so;

temporarily storing the images or portions thereof that are recorded on said memory sectors, before said step of erasing said determined memory addresses;

writing the images or portions thereof back to said memory sectors, after said step of writing said replacement image.

4. A method of selectively updating, with corresponding replacement images, any combination of one or more images of a plurality of binary images recorded on a memory medium having a plurality of contiguous memory sectors that are erased before being rewritten, the method comprising the steps of:

determining whether an updating operation is to be performed;

determining memory addresses of the memory medium at which a corresponding replacement image can be recorded;

erasing said determined memory addresses; and

writing said corresponding replacement image to the determined memory addresses of the memory medium, wherein said one or more binary images comprise;

at least one kernel image, at least one file-system image, a boot-loader image, an update logic image and a scratch area image, wherein said boot-loader image and said update logic image are recorded at different ends of a first predetermined portion of the memory medium at the start of the memory medium, wherein said scratch area image is recorded directly following said predetermined portion of the memory medium, and wherein said kernel image and said file system image are recorded at different ends of a second predetermined portion of the memory medium, following the scratch area image.

5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the file-system image is recorded directly following said scratch area image, and the kernel image is recorded at the end of the memory medium, such that the relative positioning of the file-system image and the kernel image facilitates dynamic file-system extension.

6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said kernel image is recorded starting from the highest possible word-aligned memory address such that the entire kernel image can be accommodated in the memory medium.

15. A method of selectively updating, with corresponding replacement images, any combination of one or more images of a plurality of binary images recorded on a memory medium having plurality of contiguous memory sectors that are erased before being rewritten, the method comprising the steps of:

determining whether an updating operation is to be performed;

determining memory addresses of the memory medium at which a corresponding replacement image can be recorded;

erasing said determined memory addresses; and

writing said corresponding replacement image to the determined memory addresses of the memory medium

determining whether the size of the replacement image is less than or equal to the size of the selected image; and

, if not;

determining whether said replacement image can be accommodated by free capacity in the memory medium;

determining whether the replacement image can be accommodated by memory addresses of the selected image and any free memory addresses that directly follow the selected image, if the size of the replacement image is greater than the size of the corresponding replacement image;

revising the recorded end address of the selected image to take into account any free memory addresses directly following the selected image, if the size of replacement image is greater than the size of the corresponding replacement image;

successively identifying free memory fragments of the memory medium that can each individually accommodate part of the replacement image until the replacement image can be accommodated by the successively identified free fragments in combination; and

identifying one or more memory fragments for the replacement image such that portions of the replacement image can be recorded across a minimum number of memory fragments, wherein said memory fragments that do not have the end address of another image directly preceding the respective fragment are used in preference to fragments that do have the end of another image directly preceding the respective fragment.

16. The method as claimed in claim 15, wherein sectors of the selected image are not replaced with corresponding sectors of the replacement image if such respective sectors match each other exactly.

17. The method as claimed in claim 15, further comprising the step of:

enlarging said memory fragments that comprise said selected image using free memory addresses directly preceding or following each respective fragment comprising said selected image;

wherein said step of enlarging said memory fragments is performed before said step of successively identifying said free memory fragments.

18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein said memory fragments that do not have the end of another image directly preceding the respective fragment are enlarged in preference to fragments that do have the end of another image directly preceding the respective fragment.

19. The method as claimed in claim 16 or 18, further comprising the step of:

performing bank translation during said step of writing said corresponding replacement image, if said memory fragments that comprise said selected image span memory banks of the memory medium.

21. A method of selectively updating, with corresponding replacement images, any combination of one or more images of a plurality of binary images recorded on a memory medium having a plurality of contiguous memory sectors that are erased before being rewritten, the method comprising the steps of:

determining whether an updating operation is to be performed;

determining memory addresses of the memory medium at which a corresponding replacement image can be recorded;

erasing said determining memory addresses;

writing said corresponding replacement image to the determined memory addresses of the memory medium, wherein said one or more binary images comprise at least one kernel image, at least one file-system image, a boot-loader image, an update logic image and a scratch area image;

erasing the scratch area image recorded on the memory medium; and

writing a replacement scratch area image to replace the scratch area image, after said step of writing the replacement image;

wherein the replacement scratch area image reflects the replacement of the selected image with the replacement image, and is performed after the selected image is replaced with the corresponding selected image.

22. The method as claimed in claim 21, further comprising the step of:

initiating the update logic image in response to an internally set flag detected by the boot loader image.

23. The method as claimed in claim 21, further comprising the steps of:

transmitting an initial signal to an external host resident program with which the update logic can communicate through one or more ports of an embedded device;

receiving from the external host resident program an acknowledgment signal indicating that the external host resident program received the initial signal through one of the ports of the embedded device; and

transmitting a response signal to the external host resident program, in response to the acknowledgment signal, the response signal identifying the port through which the acknowledgment signal was received from the external host resident program.

24. The method as claimed in claim 23, wherein said initial signal is sent to all ports of the embedded device, and said return acknowledgment signal is received by said update logic image regularly polling all ports of the embedded device, to determine the port through which said update logic image operatively communicates with the external host resident program.

25. The method as claimed in claim 21, further comprising the step of:

initiating the update logic image in response to a direction from an external program executing on an external machine operatively connected with the memory medium.

26. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein said update logic image responds to instructions from a program executing on an external host machine.

27. The method as claimed in claim 26, wherein said replacement image is received externally to the memory medium.

28. The method as claimed in claim 27, further comprising the steps of:

generating one or more checksums, for respective blocks of data, based on the replacement image when recorded on the memory medium; and

transmitting said checksums to said program executing on an external host machine;

wherein said checksums are used to check the integrity of said step of writing said replacement image.

29. The method as claimed in claim 21, further comprising the steps of:

copying said update logic image recorded on the memory medium to random access memory; and

executing said update logic image from random access memory.

30. An update logic image recorded on a memory medium for selectively updating, with corresponding replacement images, any combination of one or more images of a plurality of binary images recorded on the memory medium having a plurality of contiguous memory sectors that are erased before being rewritten, the update logic image comprising:

code means for determining whether an updating operation is to be performed;

code means for determining memory addresses of the memory medium at which a corresponding replacement image can be recorded;

code means for erasing said determined memory addresses; and

code means for writing said corresponding replacement image to the determined memory addresses of the memory medium, wherein the code means for determining memory addresses of the memory medium at which a corresponding replacement image can be recorded includes code means responsive to start addresses and sizes of memory medium resident images stored in the scratch area image, and wherein the code means for writing said corresponding replacement image to the determined memory addresses of the memory medium includes code means for writing replacement data for the replacement image only in respective sectors where the replacement data does not match original data of the replacement image in the respective sectors.

31. A memory medium for selectively updating, with corresponding replacement images, any combination of images of a plurality of binary images recorded on the memory medium having a plurality of contiguous memory sectors that are erased before being rewritten, the memory medium comprising;

one or more binary images recorded on the memory medium;

update logic recorded on the memory medium, the update logic comprising;

code means for determining whether an updating operation is to be performed;

code means for determining memory addresses of the memory medium at which said corresponding replacement image can be recorded;

code means for erasing said determined memory addresses; and

code means for writing said corresponding replacement image to the determined memory addresses of the memory medium, wherein the code means for determining memory addresses of the memory medium at which a corresponding replacement image can be recorded includes code means responsive to start addresses and sizes of memory medium resident images stored in the scratch area image, and wherein the code means for writing said corresponding replacement image to the determined memory addresses of the memory medium includes code means for writing replacement data for the replacement image only in respective sectors where the replacement data does not match original data of the replacement image in the respective sectors.