Method and apparatus for intelligently setting dead time

• US 7,098,640 B2
• Filed: 06/30/2005
• Issued: 08/29/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 07/06/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Infineon Technologies Americas Corp. (Infineon Technologies AG)
• Original Assignee: International Rectifier Corporation (Infineon Technologies AG)
• Inventors: Brown, James S
• Primary Examiner(s): Riley, Shawn
• Application Number:
  US11/172,163
• Publication Number:
  US 20060007713A1
• Time in Patent Office: 425 Days
• Field of Search: 323/224, 323/283, 323/284, 323/282
• US Class Current: 323/283
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/0012 Control circuits using digital or numerical techniques in DC/DC converters H02M3/157, H02M3/33515; in DC-AC converters H02M7/53873
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/0048 Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses using snubbers H02M1/34
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/1588 comprising at least one synchronous rectifier element H02M3/1582, H02M3/1584 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/10 Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

Apparatus for setting dead time between ON times of two series connected switches of a power converter circuit connected across a supply potential, the apparatus comprising a circuit for monitoring a power converter circuit parameter and providing an output corresponding to the circuit parameter; a memory addressed by a signal related to the output of the monitoring circuit, the memory having values stored therein related to the dead times and associated with values of the circuit parameter; a processor providing an output of the memory associated with the value of the circuit parameter to set the dead time corresponding to the stored value in the memory, and a dead time implementing stage for implementing the dead time in accordance with the output of the memory.

Claims

1. Apparatus for setting dead time between ON times of two series connected switches of a power converter circuit connected across a supply potential, the apparatus comprising:

a circuit for monitoring a power converter circuit parameter and providing an output corresponding to the circuit parameter;

a memory addressed by a signal related to the output of the monitoring circuit, the memory having values stored therein related to the dead times and associated with values of the circuit parameter;

a processor providing an output of the memory associated with the value of the circuit parameter to set the dead time corresponding to the stored value in the memory, and

a dead time implementing stage for implementing the dead time in accordance with the output of the memory.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, further wherein the processor comprises an arrangement for updating the values stored in the memory at selected times to minimize power loss during dead time.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the values stored in the memory are stored therein during design of the converter circuit.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the memory comprises a lookup table.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the values stored in the memory are stored therein when the converter circuit is first connected to a load and power is applied to the converter circuit, whereby the values are stored in the memory by mapping the values to the circuit parameter over a range of operation of the converter circuit.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the circuit parameter comprises current through one of the switches, input voltage to the power converter circuit or the temperature of at least one of the switches.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein one of the switches is a synchronous rectifier and the circuit parameter comprises the current through the one switch.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the monitoring circuit comprises a current sensing circuit for monitoring the current through the one switch.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the current sensing circuit comprises a sense resistor in series with the switches or a circuit using the average DC voltage across an output inductor of the power converter circuit.

10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the current sensing circuit comprises a second switch coupled in parallel to the one switch.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the monitoring circuit comprises an A/D converter for providing a digital value corresponding to the circuit parameter.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, further wherein the A/D converter provides an output for addressing said memory, whereby said memory produces a value associated with the dead time stored therein corresponding to the circuit parameter.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising a latch circuit for providing said value from said memory to said dead time implementing stage.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the latch circuit comprises an up-down counter.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the processor comprises an arrangement for updating the values stored in the memory at selected times whereby power loss during dead time is minimized, and wherein the counter counts up and down below the value from the memory to determine if a value above or below the value from the memory results in lower power loss.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a circuit for providing a value corresponding to power loss for the implemented dead time to the processor.

17. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the arrangement for updating the values stored in the memory comprises an arrangement for determining the power loss associated with the dead time and minimizing the power loss associated with the dead time.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the arrangement for determining power loss monitors the duty cycle of a PWM signal supplied to at least one of the two switches.

19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the arrangement for determining power loss monitors an error signal output providing a modulation input to a circuit for generating a PWM signal supplied to at least one of the two switches.

20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the arrangement updates the values in the memory periodically.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the dead time implementing stage implements a variable turn-off of a control signal to one of the switches and a variable turn-on of the control signal to said one of the switches.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the one of the switches performs a synchronous rectification function and the other switch is a control switch.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the arrangement comprises a module sampling the pulse width modulated signal at selected instants in time corresponding to the first and second dead times;

and a processor for controlling timing of the sampling.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the dead time implementing stage comprises first and second variable delay circuits controlled by the processor.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the first and second variable delay circuits receive digital inputs from the processor selecting the amount of delay time at turn-on and turn-off of said one of said switches.

26. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the arrangement changes the dead time by changing a variable turn-on delay and monitors a selected parameter after the change to determine if the power loss is smaller, and if it is smaller, implements the turn-on delay, and if the power loss is not smaller, restores the previous turn-on delay and further wherein the arrangement changes the dead time by changing a variable turn-off delay and monitors the selected parameter after the change to determine if the power loss is smaller, and if it is smaller, implements the turn-off delay, and if the power loss is not smaller, restores the previous turn-off delay.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the arrangement transmits respective first and second signals to the dead time implementing stage to select a turn-off delay and a turn-on delay of a control signal to one of the switches before the control signal for the control of the other of the switches is turned on and off, respectively.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, further comprising a fixed delay stage for delaying the control signal for the control of the other of the switches.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the fixed delay stage allows the dead time implementing stage to implement positive and negative amounts of dead time.

30. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor comprises any one of a digital signal processor, microprocessor, microcontroller or logic circuit.

31. The apparatus of claim 1, when the two switches comprise semi-conductor switches.

32. The apparatus of claim 31, where the two switches comprise MOSFETs.

33. A method for setting dead time between ON times of two series connected switches of a power converter circuit connected across a supply potential, the method comprising:

monitoring a power converter circuit parameter and providing an output corresponding to the circuit parameter;

addressing a memory with a signal related to the output and having values stored therein related to the dead times and associated with values of the circuit parameter;

providing an output of the memory associated with the value of the circuit parameter to set the dead time corresponding to the stored value in the memory, and

implementing the dead time in accordance with the output of the memory.

34. The method of claim 33, further comprising updating the values stored in the memory at selected times to minimize power loss during dead time.

35. The method of claim 33, further comprising storing the values in the memory during design of the converter circuit.

36. The method of claim 33, further comprising storing the values in a look-up table.

37. The method of claim 33, further comprising storing the values in the memory when the converter circuit is first connected to a load and power is applied to the converter circuit, whereby the values are stored in the memory by mapping the values to the circuit parameter over a range of operation of the converter circuit.

38. The method of claim 33, wherein the circuit parameter comprises current through one of the switches, input voltage to the power converter circuit or the temperature of at least one of the switches.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein one of the switches is a synchronous rectifier and the circuit parameter comprises the current through the one switch.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein the step of monitoring comprises monitoring the current through the one switch.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the step of monitoring comprises sensing current through a sense resistor in series with the switches or using the average DC voltage across an output inductor of the power converter circuit.

42. The method of claim 33, wherein the step of monitoring comprises providing a digital value corresponding to the circuit parameter.

43. The method of claim 42, further comprising providing the digital value to address said memory, whereby said memory produces a value stored therein associated with the dead time corresponding to the circuit parameter.

44. The method of claim 43, further comprising updating the values stored in the memory at selected times whereby power loss during dead time is minimized, and further comprising counting up and down below the value from the memory to determine if a value above or below the value from the memory results in lower power loss.

45. The method of claim 44, further comprising determining a value corresponding to power loss for the implemented dead time.

46. The method of claim 34, wherein the step of updating the values stored in the memory comprises determining the power loss associated with the dead time and minimizing the power loss associated with the dead time.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the step of determining power loss comprises monitoring the duty cycle of a PWM signal supplied to at least one of the two switches.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein the step of determining the power loss comprises monitoring an error signal output providing a modulation input to a circuit for generating a PWM signal supplied to at least one of the two switches.

49. The method of claim 46, wherein the step of updating comprises updating values in the memory periodically.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the step of implementing the dead time comprises implementing a variable turn-off of a control signal to one of the switches and a variable turn-on of the control signal to said one of the switches.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the one of the switches performs a synchronous rectification function and the other switch is a control switch.

52. The method of claim 34, wherein the step of updating the values stored in memory comprises changing the dead time by changing a variable turn-on delay and monitoring a selected parameter after the change to determine if the power loss is smaller, and if it is smaller, implementing the turn-on delay, and if the power loss is not smaller, restoring the previous turn-on delay and further comprising changing the dead time by changing a variable turn-off delay and monitoring the selected parameter after the change to determine if the power loss is smaller, and if it is smaller, implementing the turn-off delay, and if the power loss is not smaller, restoring the previous turn-off delay.

53. Apparatus for minimizing power losses associated with dead time between ON times of two series connected switches of a power converter connected across a supply potential, the apparatus comprising:

a control arrangement for monitoring a selected parameter associated with power loss during the dead time of the converter;

the control arrangement changing the dead time from a first dead time to a second dead time and comparing power loss associated with the selected parameter for the first and second dead times and determining which of the power losses associated with the two dead times is smaller;

a dead time implementing stage for implementing the two dead times; and

the control arrangement selecting the dead time associated with the smaller power loss and providing a signal to the dead time implementing stage to set the selected dead time, and wherein the selected parameter comprises an error signal output from an error amplifier providing a modulation input to a circuit for generating a PWM signal supplied to at least one of the switches.