In situ thermal processing of a hydrocarbon containing formation using a natural distributed combustor

• US 7,114,566 B2
• Filed: 10/24/2002
• Issued: 10/03/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 10/24/2001
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Shell Oil Company (Shell Plc)
• Original Assignee: Shell Oil Company (Shell Plc)
• Inventors: de Rouffignac, Eric Pierre, Vinegar, Harold J., Wellington, Scott Lee, Van Hardeveld, Robert Martijn
• Primary Examiner(s): KRECK, JOHN J
• Application Number:
  US10/279,220
• Publication Number:
  US 20050092483A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,440 Days
• Field of Search: 166/256, 166/259, 166/257
• US Class Current: 166/256
• CPC Class Codes: B09C 1/02 Extraction using liquids, e.g. washing, leaching , flotation
• CPC Class Codes: B09C 1/06 thermally
• CPC Class Codes: B09C 2101/00 In situ
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 45/00 Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
• CPC Class Codes: C10G 9/24 by heating with electrical means
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 17/0285 characterised by electrically insulating elements
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/168 Injecting a gaseous medium
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/24 using heat, e.g. steam injection
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/2401 by means of electricity
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/243 Combustion in situ
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/305 comprising at least one inclined or horizontal well
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 47/0224 using seismic or acoustic means
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 3/26 operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device with electromagnetic waves G01V3/30
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 30/00 Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 30/40 Ethylene production
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 210/901 Specified land fill feature, e.g. prevention of ground water fouling
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 137/0391 Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy

Abstract

An in situ process for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation is provided. The process may include providing heat from one or more heat sources to at least a portion of the formation. Heat sources may include a natural distributed combustor. The natural distributed combustor may include an oxidizing fluid source to provide oxidizing fluids to a reaction zone in the formation to generate heat within the reaction zone. The heat may be allowed, in some embodiments, to transfer from the reaction zone to a selected section of the formation such that heat from one or more heat sources pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons within the selected section. Hydrocarbons may be produced from the formation.

Claims

1. An in situ method for heating a hydrocarbon containing formation, comprising:

providing an electrical current to a conduit positioned in an opening in the formation;

allowing heat to transfer from the conduit to a reaction zone of the formation;

providing at least some oxidizing fluid to the conduit;

allowing the oxidizing fluid to transfer from the conduit to the reaction zone in the formation;

allowing the oxidizing fluid to oxidize at least some hydrocarbons in the reaction zone to generate heat; and

allowing at least some of the generated heat to transfer to a pyrolysis zone in the formation.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the conduit is configured to generate heat during application of the electrical current to the conduit.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

providing at least some oxidizing fluid to the conduit proximate a first end of the conduit; and

providing at least some oxidizing fluid to the conduit proximate a second end of the conduit.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising allowing the oxidizing fluid to move out of the conduit through orifices in the conduit.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing products of oxidation through the opening during use.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein a first end of the opening is positioned at a first location on a surface of the formation and wherein a second end of the opening is positioned at a second location on the surface.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling a flow rate of the oxidizing fluid into the formation.

8. An in situ method for providing heat to a hydrocarbon containing formation, comprising:

heating a portion of the formation with a heater to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons with an oxidizing fluid in the portion of the formation;

providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation;

controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid along at least a length of the reaction zone;

controlling a rate of oxidation by providing the oxidizing fluid to the reaction zone from a conduit having critical flow orifices;

generating heat in the reaction zone; and

allowing the generated heat to transfer to the formation.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least some of the hydrocarbons in the reaction zone to generate the heat in the reaction zone.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein at least a section of the reaction zone is proximate an opening in the formation.

11. The method of claim 8, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion.

12. The method of claim 8, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion, and controlling a rate of diffusion of the oxidizing fluid by controlling a temperature in the reaction zone.

13. The method of claim 8, wherein the generated heat transfers from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation.

14. The method of claim 8, wherein the generated heat transfers from the reaction zone to the formation substantially by conduction.

15. The method of claim 8, further comprising controlling a temperature along at least a length of the reaction zone.

16. The method of claim 8, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid along at least a length of the reaction zone, and controlling a temperature along at least a length of the reaction zone.

17. The method of claim 8, further comprising controlling a heating rate along at least a length of the reaction zone.

18. The method of claim 8, further comprising positioning the critical flow orifices on the conduit such that the flow rate of the oxidizing fluid to at least a length of the reaction zone is controlled at a selected flow rate.

19. The method of claim 8, further comprising sizing the critical flow orifices on the conduit such that the flow rate of the oxidizing fluid to at least a length of the reaction zone is controlled at a selected flow rate.

20. The method of claim 8, further comprising increasing a volume of the reaction zone, and increasing the flow of the oxidizing fluid to the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation in the reaction zone is substantially constant over time.

21. The method of claim 8, further comprising maintaining a substantially constant rate of oxidation in the reaction zone over time.

22. The method of claim 8, wherein the conduit is placed in an opening in the formation, and further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the conduit by oxidation.

23. The method of claim 8, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through a second conduit placed in an opening in the formation.

24. The method of claim 8, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through a second conduit placed in an opening in the formation and substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into a surrounding portion of the formation.

25. The method of claim 8, further comprising inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into a surrounding portion of the formation.

26. The method of claim 8, further comprising removing at least some water from the formation prior to heating the portion.

27. The method of claim 8, further comprising providing additional heat to the formation from an electric heater placed in the opening.

28. The method of claim 8, further comprising providing additional heat to the formation from an electric heater placed in an opening in the formation such that the oxidizing fluid continuously oxidizes at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the reaction zone.

29. The method of claim 8, further comprising providing additional heat to the formation from an electric heater placed in the opening to maintain a constant heating rate in the formation.

30. The method of claim 29, further comprising providing electricity to the electric heater using a wind powered device.

31. The method of claim 29, further comprising providing electricity to the electric heater using a solar powered device.

32. The method of claim 8, further comprising maintaining a temperature in the portion above about the temperature sufficient to support the reaction of hydrocarbons with the oxidizing fluid.

33. The method of claim 8, further comprising providing additional heat to the formation from an electric heater placed in the opening and controlling the additional heat such that a temperature of the portion is greater than about the temperature sufficient to support the reaction of hydrocarbons with the oxidizing fluid.

34. The method of claim 8, further comprising removing oxidation products from the formation, and generating electricity using oxidation products removed from the formation.

35. The method of claim 8, further comprising removing oxidation products from the formation, and using at least some of the removed oxidation products in an air compressor.

36. The method of claim 8, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone over time.

37. The method of claim 8, further comprising assessing a temperature in or proximate an opening in the formation, wherein the flow of oxidizing fluid along at least a section of the reaction zone is controlled as a function of the assessed temperature.

38. The method of claim 8, further comprising assessing a temperature in or proximate an opening in the formation, and increasing the flow of oxidizing fluid as the assessed temperature decreases.

39. The method of claim 8, further comprising controlling the flow of oxidizing fluid to maintain a temperature in or proximate an opening in the formation at a temperature less than a pre-selected temperature.

40. An in situ method for heating a hydrocarbon containing formation, comprising:

heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons in the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid;

providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation;

allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the reaction zone to generate heat in the reaction zone;

providing molecular hydrogen to the reaction zone; and

transferring the generated heat from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation.

41. The method of claim 40, further comprising producing the molecular hydrogen in the pyrolysis zone.

42. The method of claim 40, further comprising producing the molecular hydrogen in at least the heated portion of the formation.

43. The method of claim 40, further comprising inhibiting production of carbon dioxide in the reaction zone.

44. The method of claim 40, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid along at least a segment of the reaction zone such that a heating rate is controlled along at least a segment of the reaction zone.

45. The method of claim 40, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid into the formation using critical flow orifices on a conduit placed in the opening such that a rate of oxidation is controlled.

46. The method of claim 40, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid into the formation with a spacing of critical flow orifices on a conduit placed in an opening in the formation.

47. The method of claim 40, further comprising increasing a volume of the reaction zone, and increasing the flow of the oxidizing fluid to the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation within the reaction zone is substantially constant over time.

48. The method of claim 40, wherein a conduit is placed in an opening in the formation, and further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the conduit by oxidation.

49. The method of claim 40, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through a conduit placed in an opening in the formation.

50. The method of claim 40, further comprising providing additional heat to the formation from an electric heater placed in an opening in the formation.

51. The method of claim 40, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the reaction zone to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone over time.

52. The method of claim 40, further comprising assessing a temperature in or proximate the opening, and controlling the flow of oxidizing fluid as a function of the assessed temperature.

53. An in situ method for heating a hydrocarbon containing formation, comprising:

heating a portion of the formation to a temperature sufficient to support reaction of hydrocarbons in the portion of the formation with an oxidizing fluid;

providing the oxidizing fluid to a reaction zone in the formation;

allowing the oxidizing fluid to react with at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the reaction zone to generate heat in the reaction zone;

controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with critical flow orifices in a first opening of the formation such that a rate of oxidation is controlled;

removing an oxidation product from a second opening in the formation; and

allowing the heat to transfer from the reaction zone to the formation.

54. The method of claim 53, further comprising removing the oxidation product such that a concentration of oxygen in the first opening is substantially constant in the first opening.

55. The method of claim 53, further comprising maintaining a substantially uniform temperature profile in the reaction zone.

56. The method of claim 53, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone substantially by diffusion.

57. The method of claim 53, further comprising transporting the oxidizing fluid through the reaction zone by diffusion, wherein a rate of diffusion is controlled by a temperature of the reaction zone.

58. The method of claim 53, further comprising allowing heat to transfer from the reaction zone to a pyrolysis zone in the formation.

59. The method of claim 53, further comprising allowing heat to transfer from the reaction zone to the formation substantially by conduction.

60. The method of claim 53, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid along at least a portion of the length of the reaction zone such that a temperature is controlled along at least a portion of the length of the reaction zone.

61. The method of claim 53, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid along at least a portion of the length of the reaction zone such that a heating rate is controlled along at least a portion of the length of the reaction zone.

62. The method of claim 53, further comprising allowing at least a portion of the oxidizing fluid into the first opening through the critical orifices of a conduit placed in the first opening.

63. The method of claim 53, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with a spacing of the critical flow orifices in a conduit placed in the first opening.

64. The method of claim 53, further comprising controlling a flow of the oxidizing fluid with a diameter of the critical flow orifices in a conduit placed in the first opening.

65. The method of claim 53, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the first opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone such that a rate of oxidation is substantially constant over time in the reaction zone.

66. The method of claim 53, wherein a conduit is placed in the first opening, and further comprising cooling the conduit with the oxidizing fluid to reduce heating of the conduit by oxidation.

67. The method of claim 53, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through a conduit placed in the second opening.

68. The method of claim 53, further comprising removing an oxidation product from the formation through a conduit placed in the second opening and substantially inhibiting the oxidation product from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone.

69. The method of claim 53, further comprising substantially inhibiting the oxidizing fluid from flowing into portions of the formation beyond the reaction zone.

70. The method of claim 53, further comprising removing water from the formation prior to heating the portion.

71. The method of claim 53, further comprising providing additional heat to the formation from an electric heater placed in the first opening.

72. The method of claim 53, further comprising providing additional heat to the formation from an electric heater placed in the first opening such that the oxidizing fluid continuously oxidizes at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the reaction zone.

73. The method of claim 53, further comprising providing additional heat to the formation from an electric heater placed in the first opening such that a constant heating rate in the formation is maintained.

74. The method of claim 53, further comprising providing additional heat to the formation from an electric heater placed in the first opening such that the oxidation of at least a portion of the hydrocarbons does not burn out.

75. The method of claim 53, further comprising generating electricity using oxidation products removed from the formation.

76. The method of claim 53, further comprising using oxidation products removed from the formation in an air compressor.

77. The method of claim 53, further comprising increasing a flow of the oxidizing fluid in the first opening to accommodate an increase in a volume of the reaction zone over time.

78. The method of claim 53, further comprising increasing the amount of heat provided to the formation by increasing a volume of the reaction zone.

79. The method of claim 53, further comprising assessing a temperature in or proximate the first opening, and controlling the flow of oxidizing fluid as a function of the assessed temperature.

80. The method of claim 53, further comprising assessing a temperature in or proximate the first opening, and increasing the flow of oxidizing fluid as the assessed temperature decreases.

81. The method of claim 53, further comprising controlling the flow of oxidizing fluid to maintain a temperature in or proximate the first opening at a temperature less than a pre-selected temperature.

82. The method of claim 53, wherein the first opening and the second opening are the same opening.