Location of wireless nodes using signal strength weighting metric

• US 7,116,988 B2
• Filed: 03/16/2004
• Issued: 10/03/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 03/16/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Cisco Technology, Inc. (Cisco Systems, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Airespace, Inc. (Cisco Systems, Inc.)
• Inventors: Friday, Robert J., Davi, Gregg Scott, Dietrich, Paul F.
• Primary Examiner(s): D AGOSTA, STEPHEN M
• Application Number:
  US10/802,366
• Publication Number:
  US 20050208952A1
• Time in Patent Office: 931 Days
• Field of Search: 4554561-457, 455/404.2, 455/432.1, 455/436, 455446-449, 342/450, 342/457, 342/357.1, 701/207, 701213- 14, 701/216
• US Class Current: 455/456.1
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 5/02213 Receivers arranged in a network for determining the position of a transmitter
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 5/02521 using a radio-map
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 5/02528 Simulating radio frequency fingerprints
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 4/023 using mutual or relative location information between multiple location based services [LBS] targets or of distance thresholds
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 64/00 Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management

Abstract

Methods, apparatuses, and systems directed to a wireless node location mechanism that uses a signal strength weighting metric to improve the accuracy of estimating the location of a wireless node based on signals detected among a plurality of radio transceivers. In certain implementations, the wireless node location mechanism further incorporates a differential signal strength metric to reduce the errors caused by variations in wireless node transmit power, errors in signal strength detection, and/or direction-dependent path loss. As opposed to using the absolute signal strength or power of an RF signal transmitted by a wireless node, implementations of the present invention compare the differences between signal strength values detected at various pairs of radio receivers to corresponding differences characterized in a model of the RF environment. One implementation of the invention searches for the locations in the model between each pair of radio receivers where their signal strength is different by an observed amount.

Claims

1. A method for estimating the location of a wireless node relative to a plurality of radio receivers operative to detect the strength of RF signals, wherein a RF coverage map, corresponding to each of the radio receivers, characterizes the signal strength values for locations in a physical region, comprising

collecting signal strength values, detected at a plurality of radio receivers, corresponding to signals transmitted by a wireless node, wherein at least one of the collected signals is transmitted by the wireless node in a first frequency band, and wherein at least one other of the collected signals is transmitted by the wireless node in a second frequency band;

computing the estimated location of the wireless node based on the collected signal strength values and the RF coverage maps corresponding to the plurality of radio receivers, wherein the contribution of each detected signal strength value to the estimated location is weighted according to a weighting function that varies with the signal strength values detected by the radio receivers, wherein the weighting function weights the signal strength values associated with the first frequency band higher than the signal strength values associated with the second frequency band.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the computing step comprises

computing, for each radio receiver, an individual error surface based on the RF coverage map associated with the radio receiver and the signal strength detected by the radio receiver;

weighting each of the individual error surfaces according to a weighting function that varies with the signal strength detected by corresponding radio receivers;

aggregating the individual error surfaces to create a total error surface; and

finding the location of the minimum of the total error surface.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein each individual error surface comprises the sum of the squares of the difference between the signal strength values detected by a radio receiver and the signal strength values in a corresponding RF coverage map.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the weighting function expresses the confidence in the individual error surface location relative to the distance error caused by potential errors associated with the signal strength detected by a radio receiver.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the weighting function is configured such that contributions associated with detected signal strengths above a predetermined threshold value are equally weighted.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the weighting function is based in part on the distance error caused by a 1 dB change in the signal strength detected by a radio receiver.

7. The method of claim 1 further comprising detecting, at a plurality of radio transceivers, the strength of signals transmitted by a wireless node.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the RF coverage maps each comprise a plurality of location coordinates associated with corresponding signal strength values.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the RF coverage maps are heuristically constructed.

10. The method of claim 8 wherein the RF coverage maps are based on a mathematical model.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the signals transmitted by the wireless nodes are formatted according to a wireless communications protocol.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the wireless communications protocol is the IEEE 802.11 protocol.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein only signal strength values above a threshold signal strength value are used to compute the estimated location of the wireless node.

14. An apparatus facilitating the location of a wireless node in a RF environment, comprising

a plurality of radio receivers comprising at least one antenna, the plurality of radio receivers operative to detect the strength of signals transmitted by wireless nodes and provide the detected signal strengths to a wireless node location model;

wherein a RF coverage map, corresponding to each of the radio receivers, characterizes the signal strength values for locations in a physical region wherein at least one of the detected signals is transmitted by the wireless node in a first frequency band, and wherein at least one other of the detected signals is transmitted by the wireless node in a second frequency band, and

a wireless node location module operative to compute the estimated location of the wireless node based on the collected signal strength values and the RF coverage maps corresponding to the plurality of radio receivers, wherein the contribution of each detected signal strength value to the estimated location is weighted according to a weighting function that varies with the signal strength values detected by the radio receivers, wherein the weighting function weights the collected signal strength values associated with the first frequency band higher than the collected signal strength values associated with the second frequency band.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the wireless node location module, in computing the estimated location of the wireless node, is operative to

compute, for each radio receiver, an individual error surface based on the RF coverage map associated with the radio receiver and the signal strength detected by the radio receiver;

weight each of the individual error surfaces according to a weighting function that varies with the signal strength detected by corresponding radio receivers;

aggregate the individual error surfaces to create a total error surface; and

find the location of the minimum of the total error surface.

16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein each individual error surface comprises the sum of the squares of the difference between the signal strength values detected by a radio receiver and the signal strength values in a corresponding RF coverage map.

17. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the weighting function expresses the confidence in the individual error surface location relative to the distance error caused by potential errors associated with the signal strength detected by a radio receiver.

18. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the weighting function is configured such that contributions associated with detected signal strengths above a predetermined threshold value are equally weighted.

19. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the weighting function is based in part on the distance error caused by a 1 dB change in the signal strength detected by a radio receiver.

20. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the RF coverage maps each comprise a plurality of location coordinates associated with corresponding signal strength values.

21. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the RF coverage maps are heuristically constructed.

22. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the RF coverage maps are based on a mathematical model.

23. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the signals transmitted by the wireless nodes are formatted according to a wireless communications protocol.

24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the wireless communications protocol is the IEEE 802.11 protocol.

25. A method for estimating the location of a wireless node relative to a plurality of radio receivers operative to detect the strength of RF signals, wherein a RF coverage map, corresponding to each of the radio receivers, characterizes the signal strength values for locations in a physical region, comprising

collecting signal strength values, detected at a plurality of radio receivers, corresponding to signals transmitted by a wireless node;

and

computing the estimated location of the wireless node by comparing, for all unique pairs of radio receivers, the differences in the signal strength values detected by the plurality of radio receivers to corresponding differences in the signal strength values in the RF coverage maps associated with the plurality of radio receivers, wherein the comparison is weighted as a function of at least one of the signal strength values detected by each unique pair of radio receivers, and wherein the computing step comprises

computing, for all unique pairs of radio receivers, the sum of the squares of the difference between the signal strength values detected by a pair of radio receivers less the difference between the signal strength values in the RF coverage mans associated with the pair of radio receivers;

weighting each of the computed sums based on the lower of the two signal strength values detected by the corresponding pair of radio receivers;

combining the weighted sums to create a differential error surface; and

finding the minimum of the differential error surface.

26. The method of claim 25 further comprising detecting, at a plurality of radio transceivers, the strength of signals transmitted by a wireless node.

27. The method of claim 25 wherein the RF coverage maps each comprise a plurality of location coordinates associated with corresponding signal strength values.

28. The method of claim 27 wherein the RF coverage maps are heuristically constructed.

29. The method of claim 25 wherein the RF coverage maps are based on a mathematical model.

30. The method of claim 25 wherein the signals transmitted by the wireless nodes are formatted according to a wireless communications protocol.

31. The method of claim 30 wherein the wireless communications protocol is the IEEE 802.11 protocol.

32. A wireless node location mechanism operating in association with a wireless network environment comprising a plurality of radio receivers operative to detect the signal strength of signals transmitted by wireless nodes, wherein a RF coverage map, corresponding to each of the radio receivers, includes signal strength values for locations in a physical region, comprising:

a wireless node location module operative to

receive, from at least some of the plurality of radio receivers, the detected signal strength of RF signals transmitted by a wireless node; and

compute the estimated location of the wireless node by comparing, for all unique pairs of radio receivers, the differences in the signal strength values detected by the plurality of radio receivers to corresponding differences in the signal strength values in the RF coverage maps associated with the plurality of radio receivers, wherein the comparison is weighted as a function of at least one of the signal strength values detected by each unique pair of radio receivers, and wherein the compute step comprises

compute, for all unique pairs of radio receivers, the sum of the squares of the difference between the signal strength values detected by a pair of radio receivers less the difference between the signal strength values in the RF coverage maps associated with the pair of radio receivers;

weight each of the computed sums based on the lower of the two signal strength values detected by the corresponding pair of radio receivers;

combine the weighted sums to create a differential error surface; and

find the minimum of the differential error surface.

33. The wireless node location mechanism of claim 32 wherein the weighting function expresses the confidence in the individual error surface location relative to the distance error caused by potential errors associated with the signal strength detected by a radio receiver.

34. The wireless node location mechanism of claim 32 wherein the weighting function is configured such that contributions associated with detected signal strengths above a predetermined threshold value are equally weighted.

35. The wireless node location mechanism of claim 32 wherein the weighting function is based in part on the distance error caused by a 1 dB change in the signal strength detected by a radio receiver.

36. The wireless node location mechanism of claim 32 wherein the RF coverage maps each comprise a plurality of location coordinates associated with corresponding signal strength values.

37. The wireless node location mechanism of claim 36 wherein the RF coverage maps are heuristically constructed.

38. The wireless node location mechanism of claim 36 wherein the RF coverage maps are based on a mathematical model.

39. The wireless node location mechanism of claim 32 wherein the signals transmitted by the wireless nodes are formatted according to a wireless communications protocol.

40. The wireless node location mechanism of claim 39 wherein the wireless communications protocol is the IEEE 802.11 protocol.

41. The wireless node location mechanism of claim 32 further comprising a plurality of radio receivers operative to detect the signal strength of signals transmitted by wireless nodes.