Method and instrumentation for determining absorption and morphology of individual airborne particles

• US 7,126,687 B2
• Filed: 06/19/2003
• Issued: 10/24/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 08/09/1999
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: The United States of America As Represented By The Secretary of Agriculture, Yale University
• Original Assignee: The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
• Inventors: Gurton, Kristan P., Pan, Yong-Le, Pinnick, Ronald Gene, Chang, Richard Kounai, Aptowicz, Kevin Bruce, Hill, Steven Clyde
• Primary Examiner(s): EVANS, FANNIE L
• Application Number:
  US10/465,289
• Publication Number:
  US 20030223063A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,223 Days
• Field of Search: 356/73, 356/336, 356/338, 356/340, 356/341, 356/343
• US Class Current: 356/336
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/0205 by optical means
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/1427 with the synchronisation of components, a time gate for operation of components, or suppression of particle coincidences
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/1434 Optical arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/147 the analysis being performed on a sample stream
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2015/0046 in gas, e.g. smoke
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2015/0294 Particle shape
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2015/1497 Particle shape

Abstract

Characterizing individual airborne particles in real time according to their absorption of optical energy at one or more wavelengths. The instrument can measure the two-dimensional angular optical scattering (TAOS) and/or the one-dimensional angular optical scattering (ODAOS) at one or more wavelengths. When two wavelengths are used, one is chosen to be on an absorption peak, the other is off of the absorption peak (preferably in the absorption valley).

Claims

1. An apparatus for determining absorption and shape characteristics of individual airborne particles comprising:

an aerosol concentrator to draw air containing particles of interest and deliver a significant fraction of the desired particles in an outlet flow to a nozzle;

a nozzle, coupled to said aerosol concentrator, producing an aerodynamically focused aerosol jet, thereby providing a second stage of aerosol concentration, in a particle sample volume;

a first trigger laser emitting a beam of wavelength λ

₁ and focused in a trigger region through which particles flow on their way to a detection region;

a second trigger laser emitting a beam of wavelength λ

₂ aimed in a direction approximately orthogonal to the direction of the first trigger laser and focused in the trigger region, the trigger region being defined by the intersection of the beams of the first and second trigger lasers;

a first wavelength-selective photodetector sensitive to light scattered from the individual airborne particles in the trigger region and emitting a first output signal in response to light of wavelength λ

₁;

a second wavelength-selective photodetector sensitive to light scattered from particles in the trigger region and emitting a second output signal in response to light of wavelength λ

₂;

at least one probe laser configured to emit a pulse of light focused on the particle sample volume, the particle sample volume being slightly downstream of the trigger volume, and triggered by the logically ANDed first and second output signals of the first and second wavelength-selective photodetectors, to emit the pulse of light;

an ellipsoidal mirror, having a first and second focal plane, where the particle sample volume substantially coincides with the first focal plane, where the ellipsoidal mirror is deployed to collect and focus the light scattered by individual airborne particles;

a multi-element detector for measuring the spatial distribution of light scattered by individual airborne particles;

a spatial filter placed at the second focal point of the ellipsoidal mirror to block stray light from entering the multi-element detector;

a means for transforming the measured spatial distribution of light scattered by individual airborne particles into an angular scattering of light scattered from the individual airborne particles; and

a means of determining characteristics of light absorption and morphology of the individual airborne particles from the angular scattering of light.

2. The apparatus for determining absorption and shape characteristics of individual airborne particles of claim 1 further comprising an eduction tube for evacuating the second stage of aerosol concentration.

3. The apparatus for determining absorption and shape characteristics of individual airborne particles of claim 1 wherein said probe laser enters the ellipsoidal mirror through a port on the axis of symmetry of the ellipsoidal mirror.

4. The apparatus for determining absorption and shape characteristics of individual airborne particles of claim 1, wherein said probe laser enters the ellipsoidal mirror through a port perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the ellipsoidal minor.

5. The apparatus for determining absorption and shape characteristics of individual airborne particles of claim 1, wherein said multi-element detector is also triggered by the logically ANDed outputs of the first and second wavelength-selective photodetectors.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said multi-element detector further comprises an ICCD detector array.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said multi-element detector further comprises a CCD detector array.

8. The apparatus of claim 1. wherein said multi-element detector further comprises a multiple-anode photomultiplier tube detector.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one probe laser emits light in the ultraviolet range.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said aerosol concentrator further comprises a virtual impactor concentrator.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

an airtight box encompassing the ellipsoidal mirror, the first trigger laser, the second trigger laser, the first wavelength-selective photodetector, the second wavelength-selective photodetector, at least one probe laser, and the multi-element detector;

a means for evacuating air from the airtight box; and

a means, coupled to the air evacuation means, for measuring and controlling flow of evacuated air from the airtight box; and

wherein said nozzle is mounted to an inlet of the airtight box for concentrating particles into a thin jet of focused, laminar flow, particle laden, air such that the individual airborne particles may be probed with the probe laser at practical sample rates.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said means of determining characteristics of light absorption and shape of the particle from the angular scattering of light further comprise a means for comparing a measured and calculated two-dimensional angular scattering patterns (TAOS) using a gradient search technique to minimize the squared difference between these measured and computed TAOS.

13. An apparatus for determining the light absorption of individual airborne particles comprising:

an aerosol concentrator to draw air containing particles of interest and deliver a significant fraction of the desired particles in an outlet flow to a nozzle;

a nozzle, coupled to said aerosol concentrator, producing an aerodynamically focused aerosol jet, thereby providing a second stage of aerosol concentration, in a particle sample volume;

a first trigger laser emitting a beam of wavelength λ

₁ and focused in a trigger region through which particles flow on their way to a detection region;

a second trigger laser emitting a beam of wavelength λ

₂ aimed in a direction approximately orthogonal to the direction of the first trigger laser and focused in the trigger region, the trigger region being defined by the intersection of the beams of the first and second trigger lasers;

a first wavelength-selective photodetector sensitive to light scattered from the individual airborne particles in the trigger region and emitting a first output signal in response to light of wavelength λ

₁;

a second wavelength-selective photodetector sensitive to light scattered from particles in the trigger region and emitting a second output signal in response to light of wavelength λ

₂;

at least one probe laser configured to emit a pulse of light focused on the particle sample volume, the particle sample volume being slightly downstream of the trigger volume, and triggered by the logically ANDed first and second output signals of the first and second wavelength-selective photodetectors, to emit the pulse of light;

an ellipsoidal mirror, having a first and second focal plane, where the particle sample volume substantially coincides with the first focal plane, where the ellipsoidal mirror is deployed to collect and focus the light scattered by individual airborne particles;

a multi-element detector for measuring the spatial distribution of light scattered by individual airborne particles;

a spatial filter placed at the second focal point of the ellipsoidal mirror to block stray light from entering the multi-element detector;

a means for transforming the measured spatial distribution of light scattered by individual airborne particles into an angular scattering of light scattered from the particle;

a means of determining characteristics of light absorption and morphology of the individual airborne particles from the angular scattering of light; and

a means for determining light absorbed by the individual airborne particles from characteristics of light absorption and morphology of the individual airborne particles.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising:

an airtight box encompassing the ellipsoidal mirror, the first trigger laser, the second trigger laser, the first wavelength-selective photodetector, the second wavelength-selective photodetector, at least one probe laser, and the multi-element detector;

a means for evacuating air from the airtight box; and

a means, coupled to the air evacuation means, for measuring and controlling flow of evacuated air from the airtight box; and

wherein said nozzle is mounted to an inlet of the airtight box for concentrating particles into a thin jet of focused, laminar flow, particle laden, air such that the individual airborne particles may be probed with the probe laser at practical sample rates.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said means for determining light absorbed by the individual airborne particles further comprises a means for comparing the measured and calculated two-dimensional angular scattering patterns (TAOS) using a gradient search technique to minimize the squared difference between these measured and computed TAOS.

16. A method of determining absorption by individual airborne particles flowing in a fluid aerosol jet, comprising the steps of:

producing, with a nozzle, a focused aerosol jet having a predetermined diameter;

defining a trigger volume in the fluid by intersecting a plurality of substantially orthogonally aimed trigger laser beams, each of a different wavelength;

detecting light scattered from the vicinity of the trigger volume by a plurality of particle detectors each sensitive to a wavelength corresponding to the wavelength of one of orthogonally aimed trigger laser beams;

probing the individual airborne particles with at least one probe laser triggered by the particle detectors, said probe laser producing a beam with a diameter approximately matching the diameter of the fluid aerosol jet such that the probe laser illuminates a region the focused aerosol jet;

measuring the angular structure of light scattered from the individual airborne particles in a detection volume;

determining the light characteristics absorbed by the particle from the measured angular structure of light scattered.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one of the particle detectors is sensitive to thermal emission at wavelengths in the 3 to 12 um range which do not overlap with the wavelength of the probe laser.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein said step of determining the light characteristics absorbed by the particle further comprises the step of comparing a measured and calculated two-dimensional angular scattering patterns (TAOS) using a gradient search technique to minimize the squared difference between these measured and computed TAOS.