Coupled-inductor multi-band VCO

• US 7,154,349 B2
• Filed: 11/04/2004
• Issued: 12/26/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 08/11/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Qualcomm, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Qualcomm, Inc.
• Inventors: Cabanillas, Jose
• Primary Examiner(s): MIS, DAVID C
• Application Number:
  US10/982,635
• Publication Number:
  US 20060033587A1
• Time in Patent Office: 782 Days
• Field of Search: 331/117.R, 331/117.FE, 331/117.D, 331/167, 331/177.R, 331/177.V, 331/179
• US Class Current: 331/117.00R
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 2200/0048 including measures to switch the frequency band, e.g. by harmonic selection
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 2201/025 the means being an electronic switch for switching in or out oscillator elements
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1212 the amplifier comprising a pair of transistors, wherein an output terminal of each being connected to an input terminal of the other, e.g. a cross coupled pair
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1218 the generator being of the balanced type
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1228 the amplifier comprising one or more field effect transistors
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1243 the means comprising voltage variable capacitance diodes
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1265 switched capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1296 the feedback circuit comprising a transformer

Abstract

A multi-band VCO employs a coupled-inductor based resonator having N≧2 ports. Each port has an inductor and at least one capacitor. The N inductors for the N ports are magnetically coupled. The inductors/ports may be selectively enabled and disabled to allow the VCO to operate at different frequency bands. The capacitor(s) for each port may include one or more fixed capacitors, one or more variable capacitors (varactors), one or more switchable capacitors, or any combination of fixed, variable, and switchable capacitors. The switchable capacitors (if any) in the enabled ports may be selectively enabled and disabled to vary the VCO oscillation frequency. The varactors (if any) in the enabled ports can vary the oscillation frequency to lock the VCO to a desired frequency. The multi-band VCO may be implemented with various oscillator topologies and can replace multiple single-band VCOs.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:

a resonator having a plurality of ports, each port comprising an inductor and at least one capacitor, wherein a plurality of inductors for the plurality of ports are magnetically coupled, wherein the resonator comprises at least three ports; and

an amplifier coupled to the resonator and operable to generate an output signal having a frequency determined by the resonator.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resonator and the amplifier are configurable to operate at a plurality of frequency bands.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of ports are selectively enabled and disabled to vary the frequency of the output signal.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each port for at least one of the plurality of ports comprises at least one switch operable to selectively connect and disconnect the at least one capacitor for the port.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each port for at least one of the plurality of ports comprises a variable capacitor among the at least one capacitor for the port.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of inductors have approximately equal inductances.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of inductors have approximately equal coupling factors.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of ports have approximately equal capacitances.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resonator and the amplifier are coupled as a cross-coupled oscillator.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the resonator and the amplifier are coupled as a Colpitts oscillator.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of inductors are formed with a plurality of metal conductors.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of metal conductors are fabricated on an integrated circuit (IC).

13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of metal conductors are fabricated on a printed circuit board (PCB).

14. An integrated circuit (IC) comprising:

a resonator having a plurality of ports, each port comprising an inductor and at least one switchable capacitor, the switchable capacitors allowing the resonator to achieve a continuous and wide range of resonant frequencies, wherein a plurality of inductors for the plurality of ports are magnetically coupled; and

an amplifier coupled to the resonator and operable to generate an output signal having a frequency determined by the resonator.

15. The integrated circuit of claim 14, wherein the amplifier comprises at least one metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor, at least one bipolar junction transistor (BJT), or at least one Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) transistor.

16. The integrated circuit of claim 14, wherein the plurality of inductors are formed with a plurality of metal conductors on the IC.

17. The integrated circuit of claim 16, wherein the plurality of metal conductors are fabricated with a low-loss metal.

18. The integrated circuit of claim 16, wherein the plurality of metal conductors are fabricated on a single layer of the IC.

19. The integrated circuit of claim 14, wherein the resonator and the amplifier are configurable to operate at a plurality of frequency bands by selectively enabling and disabling the plurality of ports of the resonator.

20. The integrated circuit of claim 14, wherein the resonator and the amplifier are configurable to achieve a continuous band of operation by selectively enabling and disabling the plurality of ports of the resonator.

21. An apparatus in a wireless communication system, comprising:

means for forming a plurality of resonator tanks that are magnetically coupled;

means for selectively enabling and disabling switchable capacitors in the plurality of resonator tanks to achieve a continuous and wide range of resonant frequencies; and

means for amplifying a signal from at least one enabled resonator tank to generate an output signal having a frequency determined by the at least one enabled resonator tank.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising:

means for adjusting capacitance of the at least one enabled resonator tank to vary the frequency of the output signal.

23. A wireless device in a wireless communication system, comprising:

a resonator having a plurality of ports, each port comprising an inductor and at least one capacitor, wherein a plurality of inductors for the plurality of ports are magnetically coupled, wherein the resonator comprises at least three ports; and

an amplifier coupled to the resonator and operable to generate an output signal having a frequency determined by the resonator.

24. The wireless device of claim 23, wherein the output signal is used for frequency downconversion of a radio frequency (RF) input signal.

25. The wireless device of claim 23, wherein the output signal is used for frequency upconversion of a baseband input signal.

26. The wireless device of claim 23, wherein the resonator and the amplifier are configurable to operate at a plurality of frequency bands by selectively enabling and disabling the plurality of ports of the resonator.

27. The wireless device of claim 26, wherein the plurality of frequency bands include a cellular band and a Personal Communication System (PCS) band.

28. The wireless device of claim 23, wherein the resonator and the amplifier are configurable to generate the output signal used for frequency conversion for at least two different wireless communication standards.

29. The wireless device of claim 28, wherein the at least two different wireless communication standards include cdma2000 and Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA).

30. A method of generating an oscillator signal, comprising:

identifying a selected frequency band from among a continuous and wide range of resonant frequencies;

selectively enabling and disabling switchable capacitors in a plurality of ports of a resonator based on the selected frequency band; and

generating the oscillator signal for the selected frequency band with the resonator.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein selectively enabling switchable capacitors in the ports of the resonator comprises enabling at least one capacitor in all ports simultaneously.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein selectively disabling switchable capacitors in the ports of the resonator comprises disabling at least one capacitor in all ports simultaneously.