Precise common timing in a wireless network

• US 7,155,244 B2
• Filed: 08/14/2003
• Issued: 12/26/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 08/14/2003
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH & Company KG (Nokia Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Siemens Communications Incorporated (Siemens AG)
• Inventors: Edge, Stephen William
• Primary Examiner(s): Vuong, Quochien B.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Nguyen, Tuan H.
• Application Number:
  US10/641,928
• Publication Number:
  US 20050037786A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,230 Days
• Field of Search: 455/500, 455/502, 455/517, 370/503, 370/508, 342/357.06, 342/357.1, 342/357.12
• US Class Current: 455/502
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 56/0015 one node acting as a reference for the others
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 56/002 Mutual synchronization
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 56/006 using known positions of transmitter and receiver

Abstract

A method of providing precise common timing in a wireless communications network including at least one timing marker unit with a precise common time source, e.g., GPS. Wireless mobile units and/or timing marker units periodically measure transmission timing differences between pairs of neighboring base stations and each provide the measurements to a base station or central network entity. Timing marker units measure timing associations and return the results. An absolute transmission timing difference (ATD) is determined for each base station timing difference measurement. ATDs are collected and combined for each pair of base stations. A timing relationship is developed for all base stations from the combined ATDs, relating transmission timing of non-reference base stations to reference base stations. Timing associations are extracted for non-reference base stations from these timing difference relationships and the timing associations for the reference base stations.

Claims

1. A method of providing precise common timing to wireless entities including mobile stations and base stations in a wireless network, said method comprising the steps of:

a) measuring timing differences between pairs of a plurality of base stations including at least one reference base station and timing associations for said at least one reference base station;

b) obtaining absolute timing differences (ATDs) from said measured timing differences (MTDs);

c) aggregating said ATDs for each of said pairs of said plurality of base stations, wherein said aggregating includes averaging said ATDs for each base station pair using a moving weighted average, wherein each value for said moving weighted average is determined according to

ATD₁=ATD₁ (n=1) and,

ATD_n+1=(1−

w)ATD_n+w ATD_n+1 (n≧

1);

 

where,

ATD_n=n^th absolute time difference (obtained after ATD<sub>n−

1</sub> and before ATD_n+1),

ATD_n=n^th value for moving weighted average, and

w=weight (0<

w<

1);

d) adjusting said measured timing associations to current time;

e) reducing errors in said aggregated ATDs;

f) obtaining timing associations for non-reference base stations from said timing associations and said aggregated ATDs; and

g) providing said obtained timing associations to selected wireless network entities.

2. A method as in claim 1, wherein said plurality of base stations initiate timing difference measurements in step (a), mobile units served by said plurality of base stations measure transmission timing differences between said pairs, each of said mobile units returning measurements to a server base station.

3. A method as in claim 2, wherein said timing differences are timing differences relative to a wireless technology transmission sub-unit.

4. A method as in claim 2, wherein step (b) includes adjusting said MTDs, said ATDs being obtained from adjusted said MTDs.

5. A method as in claim 4, wherein said MTDs are transferred to one of said plurality of base stations, said one obtaining said adjusted MTDs and said ATDs.

6. A method as in claim 4, wherein said adjusted MTDs are transferred to one of said plurality of base stations, said one obtaining said ATDs.

7. A method as in claim 4, wherein said ATD obtained in step (b) is said adjusted MTD, said adjusted MTD being a propagation delay (P) difference (P2−

P1) for one of said pairs subtracted from said MTD, the difference (MTD−

(P2−

P1)) being transferred to a server base station.

8. A method as in claim 4, wherein said MTD is adjusted by subtracting a propagation delay (P2) for one base station in one of said pairs, the difference (MTD−

P2) being provided as said adjusted MTD to a serving base station, a propagation delay (P1) for the other base station in said one of said pairs being added to said adjusted MTD, the sum being said ATD.

9. A method as in claim 4, wherein said MTD is adjusted by adding a propagation delay (P1) for one base station of said base station pair, the sum (MTD+P1) being provided as said adjusted MTD to a server base station, a propagation delay (P2) for the other base station of said base station pair being subtracted from said adjusted MTD, the difference being said ATD.

10. A method as in claim 1, wherein mobile units obtain said MTDs in step (a), obtained said MTDs being transferred from said mobile units to a central network entity.

11. A method as in claim 1, wherein a timing marker unit obtains said MTDs in step (a), said MTDs being transferred from said timing marker unit to a central network entity.

12. A method as in claim 1, wherein a timing marker unit obtains said MTDs and derives said ATDs, said ATDs being transferred from said timing marker unit to a central network entity.

13. A method as in claim 1, wherein the step (c) of aggregating said ATDs includes transferring said aggregated ATDs from said plurality of base stations to a central network entity.

14. A method as in claim 1, wherein aggregating said ATDs in step (c) includes transferring said ATDs from said plurality of base stations to a central network entity.

15. A method as in claim 1, wherein an error variance is accumulated for said aggregated ATDs.

16. A method as in claim 1, wherein measuring timing associations in step (a) comprises;

i) measuring a timing reference for a common time source; and

ii) measuring a transmission timing reference for said at least one reference base station; and

iii) associating said transmission timing reference with a measured current time from said common time source.

17. A method as in claim 16, wherein said common time source is a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in a timing marker unit.

18. A method as in claim 17, wherein said timing marker unit is a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Location Measurement Unit (LMU).

19. A method as in claim 16, said step (a) of measuring timing associations further comprising:

iv) measuring statistical information for said timing associations, said statistical information being provided to said central network entity with said timing associations.

20. A method as in claim 19 wherein measured said statistical information includes transmission timing drift and drift rate of change.

21. A method of providing precise common timing to wireless network entities including mobile stations and base stations in a wireless network, said method comprising the steps of:

a) measuring timing differences between pairs of a plurality of base stations including reference base stations and measuring timing associations for said reference base stations;

b) obtaining absolute timing differences (ATDs) from measured said timing differences (MTDs);

c) aggregating and combining said ATDs for each of pairs of said plurality of base stations;

d) adjusting measured said timing associations to current time;

e) forming a network graph representing combined aggregated ATDs for said plurality of base stations, said forming further comprising the steps of;

i) representing each said reference base station as a reference node in said network graph;

ii) representing each remaining one of said plurality of base stations as a non-reference node in said network graph; and

iii) linking selected pairs of network nodes, said network nodes including said reference nodes and said non-reference nodes, each link between said network nodes representing an ATD between corresponding represented said base stations;

f) graphically reducing errors in said combined aggregated ATDs;

g) obtaining timing associations for non-reference base stations from said timing associations and error reduced said ATDs; and

h) providing obtained said timing associations to selected wireless network entities.

22. A method as in claim 21, wherein ones of said each link in step (e)(iii) represent ones of said combined aggregated ATDs.

23. A method as in claim 22, wherein said step (f) of graphically reducing errors comprises the steps of:

i) identifying a continuous path between two said network nodes, said identified path defining a timing difference relationship between said two network nodes; and

ii) reducing timing errors in each said continuous path.

24. A method as in claim 23, wherein path timing errors are reduced in step (f)(ii) using a relationship between a path transmission timing difference and the sum of ATDs on all path links.

25. A method as in claim 24 wherein each summed ATD on a link between a pair of said network nodes is the difference between the transmission timing for corresponding base stations.

26. A method as in claim 21, wherein said step (f) of graphically reducing errors comprises the steps of:

i) identifying closed loops in said network graph;

ii) listing said closed loops in an ordered list;

iii) traversing closed loops in said ordered list and removing all closed loops sharing all links with previously traversed closed loops, each remaining listed loop being a distinct closed loop including at least one link not in any other of said preceding closed loops;

iv) forming a timing difference relationship for each said remaining closed loop, said timing difference relationship being the zero sum of the closed loop ATDs and associated error component variables for all said distinct closed loop links;

v) extracting from said each timing difference relationship an error component relationship;

vi) forming additional error component relationships;

vii) solving said error component relationships and said additional error component relationships for said error component variables in said ATDs; and

viii) removing said error component variables from said ATDs to obtain an error reduced value for each said ATD.

27. A method as in claim 26, wherein the number of additional error component relationships formed in said step (f)(vi) equals the number of distinct links in said remaining closed loops in said step (f)(iii) minus the number of remaining closed loops in said step (f)(iii).

28. A method as in claim 26, wherein said step (e) further comprises the steps of:

iv) obtaining a reference ATD between each pair of reference nodes from corresponding said timing associations, said corresponding timing associations relating the transmission timing of each of said corresponding pair of reference base stations to the same common time reference, said reference ATD being the difference between said transmission timing from each of said pair;

v) removing redundant said reference ATDs, said redundant reference ATDs being dependent on other said reference ATDs;

vi) deleting error components in remaining said reference ATDs, whereby reference ATD error components are ignored;

vii) linking said each pair with a reference link associated with a corresponding said remaining reference ATD;

viii) replacing any previously obtained ATD by one replacement said corresponding remaining reference ATD;

ix) obtaining a new closed loop in said network graph and a corresponding new error component relationship for each remaining reference ATD for which there was no corresponding previously obtained ATD; and

x) using said replacement reference ATDs and said new error component relationships to reduce the number of additional error component relationships in said step (f) (vi) needed to obtain said error component variables in said step (f)(vii).

29. A method as in claim 28, wherein before step (e)(iv) said reference nodes are placed in an ordered list and step (e)(iv) is iteratively and in order applied to each listed said reference node to obtain one reference ATD between said reference node and one of preceding said reference nodes in said ordered list;

said step (e)(v) being then fulfilled.

30. A method as in claim 29, wherein the number of additional error component relationships in step (f)(vi) is reduced by the number of reference nodes less one.

31. A method as in claim 21, wherein the timing associations represented by the network graph include non-reference base station timing associations, said non-reference base station timing associations including the transmission timing difference between said non-reference base station and a reference base station added to the transmission timing of said reference base station.

32. A method as in claim 31, wherein said transmission timing difference is the sum of error reduced ATDs along a sequence of links joining a corresponding reference node to a node corresponding to said non-reference base station.

33. A method as in claim 31, wherein said transmission timing difference between one said reference base station and one said non-reference base station is the average of the sums of ATDs along alternative paths and sub-paths from said one reference base station to said one non-reference base station.

34. A method as in claim 21, wherein the step (f) of graphically reducing errors includes the steps of:

i) selecting a set of links in said network graph;

ii) selecting an initial node and a final node linked by links in said link set;

iii) identifying all minimum paths from said initial node to said final node in said link set, each said link being selected in only one minimum path;

iv) identifying alternative sub-paths, each connected between two path nodes in one of said minimum paths and including only previously unselected said links in said link set, alternative sub-path links being included in only one sub-path;

v) identifying sub-sub-paths for any previously unselected links in said link set, each said sub-sub-path being between two nodes on a previously selected sub-path, sub-sub path links being selected for only one sub-sub-path;

vi) repeating step (v) until all said links have been selected, whereby, additional sub-paths may be formed only by previously selected links; and

vii) obtaining a transmission timing difference between said initial node and said final node.

35. A method as in claim 34, the step (vii) of obtaining transmission timing differences using a weighted averaging comprising the steps of:

A) summing ATDs at links along each of said paths and each of said sub-paths;

B) selecting a weight for summed said ATDs inversely proportional to its error variance; and

C) combining said summed ATDs with weighted averages, the weight of each said summed ATD and each said combined summed ATD being inversely proportional to its error variance, the error variance in each weighted average equaling the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the error variances in the timing differences being averaged, whereby said weighted averaging minimizes the error variance in said transmission timing difference between path nodes.

36. A method as in claim 35, wherein said timing association of each of said reference base stations relates to the same common time reference and a distinct transmission timing reference for a non-reference base station is obtained relative to each reference base station in the step (g) comprising the steps of:

i) determining a transmission timing difference between said each reference base station and said non-reference base station;

ii) adding said transmission timing difference to a transmission timing component of the timing association for said each reference base station; and

iii) averaging the transmission timing reference sums from step (ii), the average being a single transmission timing reference for said non-reference base station, said single transmission timing reference being associated with said same common time source value.

37. A method as in claim 36, wherein said averaging step (iii) is a weighted averaging step, the weight for each transmission timing reference sum being inversely proportional to the variance of its error component, whereby said weighted average has a minimum error component variance.

38. A method as in claim 36, wherein the links in said network graph are partitioned into disjoint subsets, each of said disjoint subsets being assigned to a distinct associated one of said reference nodes, said link set selected in step (f)(i) being one of said disjoint subsets, said initial node selected in step (f)(ii) being said associated reference node for said selected link set and wherein said steps (f)(i) to (f)(vii) are repeated for each said disjoint subset and each said associated reference node to obtain said transmission timing difference determined in step (g)(i) between said each associated reference node and said non-reference node.

39. A method as in claim 34, wherein said initial node corresponds to a reference base station, said final node corresponds to a non-reference base station, said link set includes all said links in said network graph and a timing association for said non-reference base station includes said transmission timing difference obtained in step (vii) added to a transmission timing reference for said reference base station.

40. A method as in claim 34, before the step (f)(i) of selecting said link set, further comprising the steps of:

i1) obtaining a reference ATD between each pair of reference nodes from corresponding said timing associations, said corresponding timing associations relating the transmission timing of each of said pair of reference base stations to the same common time reference, said reference ATD being the difference between said transmission timing from each of said pair;

i2) deleting error components in said reference ATDs, whereby reference ATD error components are ignored; and

i3) linking said each pair with a reference link associated with a corresponding said reference ATD, each previously obtained ATD for a link between reference nodes being replaced by one said corresponding reference ATD.

41. A method as in claim 40, wherein paths, sub-paths and sub-sub-paths are chosen in said steps (f)(iii), (iv), (v) containing the fewest number of non-reference links.

42. A method as in claim 21, wherein said timing association of each of said reference base stations relates to the same common time reference and a distinct transmission timing reference for a non-reference base station is obtained relative to each reference base station in the step (g) comprising the steps of:

i) determining a transmission timing difference between said each reference base station and said non-reference base station;

ii) adding said transmission timing difference to a transmission timing component of the timing association for said each reference base station; and

iii) averaging the transmission timing reference sums from step (ii), the average being a single transmission timing reference for said non-reference base station, said single transmission timing reference being associated with said same common time reference.

43. A method as in claim 21, wherein said timing association of each of said reference base stations relates to the same common time reference and wherein the step (g) of obtaining timing associations obtains transmission timing references for non-reference base stations, the step (g) further comprising the steps of:

i) choosing a plurality of intermediate base stations, said intermediate base stations being distinct from said reference base stations and said non-reference base station;

ii) determining a timing association for each of said plurality of intermediate base stations from said timing associations for said plurality of reference base stations; and

iii) determining said timing association for said non-reference base station from said timing associations for said plurality of intermediate base stations and said timing associations for said plurality of reference base stations.

44. A method as in claim 21, wherein said timing association of each of said reference base stations relates to the same common time source value and a transmission timing reference for a non-reference base station is obtained in the step (g) comprising the steps of:

i) choosing a plurality of non-reference nodes as intermediate nodes;

ii) sequentially obtaining a transmission timing reference and error variance for each intermediate node, each said transmission timing reference and error variance being obtained from the transmission timing references related to the timing associations for reference nodes and from any previously obtained transmission timing references and error variances for other ones of said intermediate nodes;

iii) obtaining a transmission timing reference for said non-reference node corresponding to said non-reference base station from obtained said transmission timing references and error variances for said intermediate nodes and from the transmission timing references related to the timing associations for said reference nodes; and

iv) obtaining a timing association for said non-reference node from the association of said obtained transmission timing reference with said same common time source value.

45. A method as in claim 44, wherein said transmission timing reference and said error variance obtained for any said intermediate node in step (ii) and said transmission timing reference obtained for said non-reference node in the step (iii) are obtained from each said transmission timing reference for any of said reference nodes and for any of said intermediate nodes in set network graph.

46. A method as in claim 45, the step (f) of graphically reducing errors comprising the steps of:

i) choosing a node from said plurality of intermediate nodes and said non-reference node

ii) assigning a unique subset of links to ones of said reference nodes and said intermediate nodes, each of said links being in only one said unique subset and being assigned for only one chosen said node;

iii) obtaining a transmission timing difference and an associated error variance between the transmission timing for said chosen node and transmission timing for each of said ones;

iv) obtaining a relative transmission timing reference for said chosen node relative to each of said ones, said relative transmission timing reference being a corresponding said transmission timing difference between said chosen node and said each of said ones plus a previously obtained transmission timing reference for said each of said ones;

v) extracting for said chosen node an error variance for each said relative transmission timing reference, the error variance being the sum of error variances of said corresponding transmission timing difference and said previously obtained transmission timing reference for said ones; and

vi) averaging relative transmission timing references for said chosen node with a weighted average to obtain a single transmission timing reference and error variance for said chosen node, weights being assigned to each said relative transmission timing reference inversely proportional to extracted said error variance, said single transmission timing reference and single error variance having improved accuracy over previously obtained said transmission timing references and error variances, and said single error variance being equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the error variances in the transmission timing references being averaged.

47. A method as in claim 46, further comprising the steps of:

(vii) checking whether each said intermediate node and said non-reference node have been chosen in step (f)(i) and, returning to step (f)(i) upon a determination that any of each said intermediate node and said non-reference node have not been chosen, returning to step (f)(i) and choosing a previously unchosen one, said non-reference node being chosen last; and

(viii) assigning a subset of links to each said intermediate node in step (f)(ii) for only one said chosen node.

48. A method as in claim 47, wherein the step (f)(iii) of obtaining a transmission timing difference between said chosen node and each of said ones comprises the steps of:

A) assigning each of said ones as an initial node and said chosen node as a final node;

B) identifying all minimum paths from each said initial node to said final node, said minimum paths using links only from said unique subset of links assigned to said initial node in step (f)(ii), each said link being in only one minimum path;

C) identifying alternative sub-paths, each connected between two path nodes in one of said minimum paths and including only previously unselected said links in said unique subset of links, alternative sub-path links being identified to only one sub-path;

D) identifying sub-sub-paths for any previously unselected links in said unique subset of links, each said sub-sub-path being between two nodes in one of said sub-paths, sub-sub path links being selected for only one sub-sub-path;

E) repeating step (D) until all said links in said unique subset of links have been selected, whereby, additional sub-paths may be formed only by previously selected links; and

F) obtaining a transmission timing difference between said initial node and said final node.

49. A method as in claim 48 wherein the step (F) of obtaining a transmission timing difference comprises the steps of:

I) summing ATDs along each of said paths and each of said sub-paths and each of said sub-sub-paths to obtain timing differences along said paths, sub-paths and sub-sub-paths;

II) obtaining an error variance for each said timing difference equaling the sum of the error variance values for said corresponding summed ATDs;

III) selecting a weight for each said timing difference inversely proportional to its error variance; and

IV) weighting and combining said timing differences in a weighted averages, the error variance in each said weighted average equaling the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the error variances in the timing differences being averaged, whereby said weighted average minimizes the error variance in combined said timing differences, whereby the result of combining all timing differences is a transmission timing difference with minimal error variance between path nodes.

50. A method as in claim 21, wherein the step (f) of graphically reducing errors comprises the steps of:

i) selecting one reference node as a master reference node;

ii) obtaining a reference ATD between said master reference node and each of the other of said reference nodes, said reference ATD being the difference between a transmission timing reference of timing associations for said master reference node and said each other of said reference nodes, said timing associations relating the transmission timing of said master reference node and said each other to the same common time source value;

iii) deleting error components in said reference ATDs, whereby reference ATD error components are ignored;

iv) obtaining an effective ATD and error variance between said master reference node and each said non-reference node with at least one link to one of said reference nodes;

v) reducing said network graph by removing all reference nodes except said master reference node, removing all links between reference nodes and between said each non-reference node and removed said reference nodes and adding a new link between said master reference node and every said each non-reference node, each said new link representing a corresponding said effective ATD; and

vi) obtaining a timing association for said non-reference nodes from the reduced said network graph.

51. A method as in claim 50, wherein the step (iv) comprises the steps of:

A) obtaining an ATD between said master reference node and said non-reference node relative to each reference node with a link to said non-reference node, said ATD being the sum of the ATD between said master reference node and said reference node and the ATD between said reference node and said non-reference node, the error variance on said ATD being equal to the error variance in said ATD between said reference node and said non-reference node; and

B) averaging obtained said ATDs using a weighted average, said weighted average ATD being said effective ATD, weights being selected for each said ATD inversely proportional to its error variance, the error variance in the resulting averaged said ATD being equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the error variances of the ATDs being averaged.

52. A method as in claim 21 wherein ATDs obtained in step (b) are relative to a sub-unit of transmission for a wireless technology and wherein base stations provide complete transmission timing references to a central network entity and wherein any of step (c) further comprises the steps of:

i) adjusting each received said complete transmission timing reference to compensate for both a propagation time to said central network entity from a corresponding one of said base stations and an intervening time between receipt of said complete transmission timing reference by said central network entity and the current time;

ii) approximating a complete transmission timing difference between a pair of base stations from the difference between said adjusted complete transmission timing references for each of said base stations; and

iii) combining each approximated said complete transmission timing difference with a precise transmission timing difference relative to said sub-unit of transmission, whereby said combination yielding a

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{precise <br><br> <br><br>complete <br><br> <br><br>time <br><br> <br><br>difference}=\left(\mathrm{nS}+t^{*}\right)& \mathrm{if}<br><br><br><br>t^{*}\ge <br><br>t,\\ =\left(\left(n+1\right)<br><br>S+t^{*}\right)& \mathrm{if}<br><br><br><br>t^{*}<<br><br>t,\end{array}$

 

where

S=said sub-unit of transmission

t*=said precise timing difference relative to S (0≦

t*<

S) and n is an integer with n≧

0

n S+t=lower bound of said approximate complete time difference

n S+t+E=upper bound of said approximate complete time difference

E=uncertainty range where E<

S and 0≦

t<

S.

53. A method as in claim 21 wherein ATDs obtained in step (b) are relative to a sub-unit of transmission for a wireless technology and wherein base stations provide complete transmission timing references to a central network entity and wherein any of step (f) further comprises the steps of:

i) adjusting each received said complete transmission timing reference to compensate for both a propagation time to said central network entity from a corresponding one of said base stations and an intervening time between receipt of said complete transmission timing reference by said central network entity and the current time;

ii) approximating a complete transmission timing difference between a pair of base stations from the difference between said adjusted complete transmission timing references for each of said base stations; and

iii) combining each approximated said complete transmission timing difference with a precise transmission timing difference relative to said sub-unit of transmission, whereby said combination yielding a

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{precise <br><br> <br><br>complete <br><br> <br><br>time <br><br> <br><br>difference}=\left(\mathrm{nS}+t^{*}\right)& \mathrm{if}<br><br><br><br>t^{*}\ge <br><br>t,\\ =\left(\left(n+1\right)<br><br>S+t^{*}\right)& \mathrm{if}<br><br><br><br>t^{*}<<br><br>t,\end{array}$

 

where

S=said sub-unit of transmission

t*=said precise timing difference relative to S (0≦

t*<

S) and n is an integer with n≧

0

n S+t=lower bound of said approximate complete time difference

n S+t+E=upper bound of said approximate complete time difference

E=uncertainty range where E21 S and 0≦

t<

S.

54. A method as in claim 21 wherein ATDs obtained in step (b) are relative to a sub-unit of transmission for a wireless technology and wherein base stations provide complete transmission timing references to a central network entity and wherein any of step (g) further comprises the steps of:

i) adjusting each received said complete transmission timing reference to compensate for both a propagation time to said central network entity from a corresponding one of said base stations and an intervening time between receipt of said complete transmission timing reference by said central network entity and the current time;

ii) approximating a complete transmission timing difference between a pair of base stations from the difference between said adjusted complete transmission timing references for each of said base stations; and

iii) combining each approximated said complete transmission timing difference with a precise transmission timing difference relative to said sub-unit of transmission, whereby said combination yielding a

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{precise <br><br> <br><br>complete <br><br> <br><br>time <br><br> <br><br>difference}=\left(\mathrm{nS}+t^{*}\right)& \mathrm{if}<br><br><br><br>t^{*}\ge <br><br>t,\\ =\left(\left(n+1\right)<br><br>S+t^{*}\right)& \mathrm{if}<br><br><br><br>t^{*}<<br><br>t,\end{array}$

 

where

S=said sub-unit of transmission

t*=said precise timing difference relative to S (0≦

t*<

S) and n is an integer with n≧

0

n S+t=lower bound of said approximate complete time difference

n S+t+E=upper bound of said approximate complete time difference

E=uncertainty range where E<

S and 0≦

t<

S.

55. A method as in claim 21, wherein mobile units measure said measured timing differences provided in step (a).

56. A method as in claim 55, wherein said wireless network is a GSM or GPRS network, a central network entity is a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) serving mobile location center (SMLC) and said measured timing differences in step (a) are measurements related to enhanced-observed timing difference (E-OTD) positioning.

57. A method as in claim 56, wherein ones of said mobile units support GPS or A-GPS positioning and wherein obtaining said ATDs in said step (b) comprises:

i) obtaining positions for said ones using GPS or A-GPS positioning;

ii) obtaining propagation delays between said ones and said pairs using said positions and positions of said pairs; and

iii) combining said propagation delays and said measured timing differences to obtain said ATDs.

58. A method as in claim 55, wherein said wireless network is a UMTS network, a central network entity is a UMTS serving mobile location center (SMLC), Radio Network Controller or Base Station and said measured timing differences in step (a) are measurements related to Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) positioning.

59. A method as in claim 58, wherein ones of said mobile units support GPS or A-GPS positioning and wherein obtaining said ATDs in said step (b) comprises:

i) obtaining positions for said ones using GPS or A-GPS positioning;

ii) obtaining propagation delays between said ones and said pairs using said positions and positions of said pairs; and

iii) combining said propagation delays and said measured timing differences to obtain said ATDs.

60. A method as in claim 55, wherein said mobile units are Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) units and at least one GSM mobile unit provides said transmission time differences to a new base station responsive to a handover from an old base station to said new base station.

61. A method as in claim 55, wherein said mobile units are General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) mobile units and at least one GPRS mobile unit provides said transmission time differences to a new base station responsive to a handover from an old base station to said new base station.

62. A method as in claim 55, wherein said transmission timing differences are measured in the step a) responsive to an event, said event selected from a group including:

a command from a central entity;

a command from a base station;

a change of serving cell for a mobile unit;

a change of transmission timing difference by a preset amount; and

a time periodic event.