Systems and methods for the automated sensing of motion in a mobile robot using visual data

• US 7,162,056 B2
• Filed: 08/15/2003
• Issued: 01/09/2007
• Est. Priority Date: 08/16/2002
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: iRobot Corporation
• Original Assignee: Evolution Robotics Inc. (iRobot Corporation)
• Inventors: Pirjanian, Paolo, Burl, Michael Christopher
• Primary Examiner(s): Bali; Vikkram
• Assistant Examiner(s): LAROSE, COLIN M
• Application Number:
  US10/642,358
• Publication Number:
  US 20040076324A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,243 Days
• Field of Search: 382/153, 382/104, 382/236, 180/167, 318/587, 318/568.12, 348/113, 348/118, 348/119, 348/155, 700/259, 701 23- 28, 901/1, 446/7, 446/230
• US Class Current: 382/104
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0227 using mechanical sensing means, e.g. for sensing treated area
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/024 in combination with a laser lasers per se H01S
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0242 using non-visible light signals, e.g. IR or UV signals
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0246 using a video camera in combination with image processing means
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0253 extracting relative motion information from a plurality of images taken successively, e.g. visual odometry, optical flow determining position or orientation from images G06T7/70
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0255 using acoustic signals, e.g. ultra-sonic singals sonar systems designed for anti-collision purposes G01S15/93
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0272 comprising means for registering the travel distance, e.g. revolutions of wheels measuring distance traversed on the ground by vehicles, e.g. using odometers G01C22/00
• CPC Class Codes: G05D 1/0274 using mapping information stored in a memory device navigation using map-matching G01C21/30
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 7/246 using feature-based methods, e.g. the tracking of corners or segments

Abstract

The invention is related to methods and apparatus that detect motion by monitoring images from a video camera mounted on a mobile robot, such as an autonomously navigated mobile robot. Examples of such robots include automated vacuum floor sweepers. Advantageously, embodiments of the invention can automatically sense a robot'"'"'s motional state in a relatively reliable and cost-efficient manner. Many configurations of robots are configured to include at least one video camera. Embodiments of the invention permit the use of a video camera onboard a robot to determine a motional state for the robot. This can advantageously permit the motional state of a robot to be determined at a fraction of the cost of additional sensors, such as a laser, an infrared, an ultrasonic, or a contact sensor.

Claims

1. A method of determining a motional state of a mobile robot, the method comprising:

retrieving pixel data for images taken at intervals from a camera that is coupled to the mobile robot;

comparing pixel data for a first image to pixel data for a second image to generate a measure of a difference between the two images, wherein comparing comprises;

filtering the first image pixel data with a gradient magnitude filter, where the gradient magnitude filter computes at least a spatial gradient;

low-pass filtering the gradient magnitude filtered first image pixel data to generate a gradient-magnitude filtered smoothed first image pixel data;

comparing the gradient-magnitude filtered first image pixel data to a first threshold;

generating a binary map of the first image pixel data at least partly in response to the comparison of the gradient-magnitude filtered smoothed first image pixel data with the first threshold;

filtering the second image pixel data with the gradient magnitude filter;

low-pass filtering the gradient magnitude filtered second image pixel data to generate a gradient-magnitude filtered smoothed second image pixel data;

comparing the gradient-magnitude filtered smoothed second image pixel data to a second threshold;

generating a binary map of the second image pixel data at least partly in response to the comparison of the gradient-magnitude filtered second image pixel data to the second threshold; and

comparing the binary map of the first image pixel data to the binary map of the second image pixel data to identify data for pixels that are different between the first image and the second image;

using the comparison of the pixel data to count the number of pixel data identified as changed;

comparing the count to a third predetermined threshold;

determining the motional state of the mobile robot at least partly in response to the count; and

automatically providing an indication to a user that an undesired stoppage of the mobile robot has occurred if;

the motional state of the mobile robot indicates that the mobile robot is not in motion; and

the mobile robot is intended to be in motion.

2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the method is performed in real time.

3. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the gradient magnitude filter further comprises a low-pass filter such that the gradient magnitude filter computes both the spatial gradient and the low-pass-filtering for smoothing.

4. The method as defined in claim 3, wherein the low-pass filter corresponds to a Gaussian filter.

5. The method as defined in claim 3, wherein filtering the first image pixel data further comprises:

filtering the first image pixel data in a first direction and in a second direction with a gradient filter that is characterized by the following convolution kernel, [−

1−

4−

5 0 5 4 1]/32, where results of filtering are separately maintained for the first direction and for the second direction; and

combining the separately maintained data by computing a magnitude of the data.

6. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising low-pass filtering image pixel data prior to computing a gradient.

7. The method as defined in claim 6, wherein a low-pass filter is characterized by the following convolution kernel:

[1 4 6 4 1]/16; and

a gradient filter is characterized by the following convolution kernel;

[−

1 0 1]/2.

8. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising:

receiving an indication that the mobile robot is intended to be in motion in a first direction;

determining that the motional state of the mobile robot is not in motion while receiving the indication that the mobile robot is intended to be in motion; and

changing a path of travel for the mobile robot at least partly in response to the determination.

9. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising subsampling the pixel data such that fewer than all the available pixels from the camera are used.

10. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the third predetermined threshold varies at least partly in response to a number of pixels used to compute the count.

11. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the first threshold and the second threshold are adaptive to filtering by the gradient magnitude filter of the first image pixel data and the second image pixel data, respectively.

12. The method as defined in claim 11, wherein the first threshold is selected to be about half the maximum value for the gradient magnitude computed for a pixel by the gradient magnitude filter after filtering of the first image pixel data, and where the second threshold is selected to be about half the maximum value for the gradient magnitude computed for a pixel by the gradient magnitude filter after filtering of the second image pixel data.

13. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the comparison of the binary map of the first image pixel data to the binary map of the second image pixel data comprises a sloppy exclusive-or (XOR) computation.

14. The method as defined in claim 13, wherein the sloppy XOR is computed by comparing a pixel from the binary map of the first image pixel data with a location of (x,y) to a plurality of pixels in the binary map of the second image pixel data, wherein the plurality of pixels includes a pixel with a location of (x,y).

15. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein the motional state is determined only with observation of visual data.

16. The method as defined in claim 1, where the mobile robot is autonomous, and where the method is performed entirely within the mobile robot.

17. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising:

sending pixel data from the mobile robot to a remote computer;

performing at least part of filtering operations in the remote computer; and

receiving an indication of the motional state of the mobile robot from the remote computer.

18. A method of determining a motional state of a mobile robot, the method comprising:

receiving pixel data for video images, where the video images are taken from a camera mounted to the mobile robot;

processing the pixel data for the video images to identify amounts of spatial gradient within a video image;

characterizing pixels of a video image into at least a first group and a second group, wherein the pixels of the first group correspond to a higher spatial gradient than the pixels of the second group;

using the characterization of the pixels to compare a first video image to a second video image to detect the motional state of the mobile robot, wherein the motional state is selected from a set of possible motional states, the set comprising at least “

in motion” and

“

not in motion;

” and

automatically providing an indication to a user that an undesired stoppage of the mobile robot has occurred if;

the motional state of the mobile robot indicates that the mobile robot is not in motion; and

the mobile robot is intended to be in motion.

19. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein characterizing further comprises:

arranging the pixels of a video image into a binary map such that a first logic state indicates association with the first group with the higher spatial gradient; and

a second logic state indicates association with the second group.

20. The method as defined in claim 19, wherein using the characterization comprises:

comparing a binary value for one pixel from the binary map of the first image to a group of binary values for a group of pixels in the second image;

wherein the group of pixels in the second image includes a pixel in the same location as the one pixel from the binary map of the first image.

21. The method as defined in claim 20, where comparing the binary value to the group of binary values further comprises computing a sloppy Exclusive-OR (“

sloppy XOR”

) operation between the binary value and the group of binary values.

22. The method as defined in claim 18, further comprising:

inspecting pixel data to evaluate whether enough useful spatial gradients exist for robust detection of the motional state; and

inhibiting a motional state of “

not moving”

at least partly in response to a determination that the detection of the motional state is not likely to be reliable.

23. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein the motional state is determined only by analysis of visual data observed by the camera.

24. The method as defined in claim 18, where the mobile robot is autonomous, and where the method is performed entirely within the mobile robot.

25. The method as defined in claim 18, further comprising:

sending pixel data from the mobile robot to a remote computer;

performing at least part of pixel characterizing operations in the remote computer; and

receiving an indication of the motional state of the mobile robot from the remote computer.

26. The method as defined in claim 18, wherein processing the pixel data further comprises processing the pixel data to identify amounts of spatial gradient within the entire video image.

27. A method of controlling a behavior of a mobile robot based on a mismatch between an intended motional state and a perceived motional state in a mobile robot, the method comprising:

receiving an indication of the intended motional state, where the motional state is selected from the group including moving and not moving;

using visual data from a camera that is coupled to the mobile robot to perceive the motional state of the mobile robot, where the perceived motional state of the mobile robot is selected from the group including moving and not moving, wherein the mobile robot uses simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) techniques for navigation;

comparing the intended motional state to the perceived motional state to detect whether a mismatch exists between the intended motional state and the perceived motional state; and

automatically changing the behavior of the mobile robot at least partly in response to a detected mismatch if;

the intended motional state of the mobile robot indicates that the mobile robot is moving; and

the perceived motional state of the mobile robot indicates that the mobile robot is not moving.

28. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein the intended motional state is moving, where changing the behavior comprises changing a navigated path, further comprising:

instructing the mobile robot to travel in a direction approximately opposite to that previously requested for at least a distance sufficient to clear an obstruction;

instructing the mobile robot to yaw; and

instructing the mobile robot to resume traveling.

29. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein the intended motional state is moving, and where changing the behavior comprises shutting off motors to conserve battery life.

30. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein the mobile robot further comprises floor cleaning brushes, wherein changing the behavior further comprises shutting off cleaning brushes.

31. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein the mobile robot further comprises a vacuum cleaner, wherein changing the behavior further comprises shutting off the vacuum cleaner.

32. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein the intended motional state is moving, and where changing the behavior comprises setting an alert.

33. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein changing the behavior comprises:

resetting an estimate of pose (location and heading); and

disabling mapping functions for recognition of new landmarks until localization is achieved.

34. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein changing the behavior comprises disabling mapping functions for recognition of new landmarks until passage of a predetermined amount of time.

35. The method as defined in claim 34, wherein changing the behavior further comprising resetting an estimate of pose, including location and heading.

36. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein changing the behavior comprises disabling mapping functions for recognition of new landmarks until a predetermined number of unmatched landmarks have been observed.

37. The method as defined in claim 36, wherein changing the behavior further comprising resetting an estimate of pose, including location and heading.

38. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein the intended motional state is moving, where changing the behavior comprises:

using the indication to determine that the mobile robot has been knocked over; and

initiating procedures to restore the mobile robot to an upright position.

39. The method as defined in claim 27, wherein the motional state is perceived using only the visual data from the camera.

40. The method as defined in claim 27, where the mobile robot is autonomous, and where the method is performed entirely within the mobile robot.

41. The method as defined in claim 27, further comprising:

transferring visual data from the mobile robot to a remote computer;

performing at least part of filtering operations in the remote computer; and

transferring an indication of the perceived motional state of the mobile robot from the remote computer.

42. A method of detecting that a mobile robot has been kidnapped, the method comprising:

receiving an indication that the mobile robot is not instructed to be moving;

receiving data for video images from a camera coupled to the mobile robot;

comparing data from different video images to determine whether or not the mobile robot is in motion; and

determining that the mobile robot has been kidnapped when the video images indicate that the mobile robot is in motion.

43. A circuit for a mobile robot that is configured to determine a motional state of the mobile robot, the circuit comprising:

a means for receiving pixel data for video images, where the video images are taken from a camera mounted to the mobile robot;

a means for processing the pixel data for the video images to identify amounts of spatial gradient within a video image;

a means for characterizing pixels of a video image into at least a first group and a second group, wherein the pixels of the first group correspond to a higher spatial gradient than the pixels of the second group; and

a means for using the characterization of the pixels to compare a first video image to a second video image to detect the motional state of the mobile robot, wherein the motional state is selected from a set of possible motional states, the set comprising at least “

in motion” and

“

not in motion;

”

a means for automatically providing an indication to a user that an undesired stoppage of the mobile robot has occurred if;

the motional state of the mobile robot indicates tat the mobile robot is not in motion, and

the mobile robot is intended to be in motion.