Optical spectral power monitors employing time-division-multiplexing detection schemes

• US 7,177,496 B1
• Filed: 12/27/2001
• Issued: 02/13/2007
• Est. Priority Date: 12/27/2001
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Capella Photonics, Inc. (Nokia Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Capella Photonics, Inc. (Nokia Corporation)
• Inventors: Polynkin, Pavel G., Garrett, Mark H., Wilde, Jeffrey P.
• Primary Examiner(s): Bovernick, Rodney
• Assistant Examiner(s): STAHL, MICHAEL J
• Application Number:
  US10/033,549
• Time in Patent Office: 1,874 Days
• Field of Search: 356/330, 356/327, 356/329, 385/24, 385/18, 359/128, 359/130, 398/87
• US Class Current: 385/24
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/021 using plane or convex mirrors, parallel phase plates, or particular reflectors
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0224 using polarising or depolarising elements
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/32 Investigating bands of a spectrum in sequence by a single detector
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/2706 as bulk elements, i.e. free space arrangements external to a light guide, e.g. polarising beam splitters
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/2793 Controlling polarisation dependent loss, e.g. polarisation insensitivity, reducing the change in polarisation degree of the output light even if the input polarisation state fluctuates
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/2931 Diffractive element operating in reflection
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29311 Diffractive element operating in transmission
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/29397 Polarisation insensitivity
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/4249 comprising arrays of active devices and fibres
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/425 Optical features semiconductor laser arrays H01S5/40; hybrid LED arrays H01L25/0753; monolithic LED arrays H01L27/153
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 14/02 Wavelength-division multiplex systems
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 14/08 Time-division multiplex systems

Abstract

The present invention provides a method and apparatus for optical spectral power monitoring that employ a time-division-multiplexed detection scheme. The optical spectral power monitoring apparatus of the present invention uses a wavelength-dispersing means such as a diffraction grating to separate a multi-wavelength optical signal into multiple spectral channels and an array of beam-manipulating elements positioned to correspond with the spectral channels. The beam-manipulating elements are individually controllable so as to direct the spectral channels into an optical detector in a time-division-multiplexed sequence. The optical spectral power monitoring apparatus may further employ a polarization diversity scheme, thereby becoming polarization insensitive. This enables the apparatus of the present invention to enhance spectral resolution, while providing improved accuracy in optical spectral power detection. Accordingly, a variety of novel optical spectral power monitors can be constructed according to the present invention, that are well suitable for WDM optical networking applications.

Claims

1. An optical apparatus, comprising:

a) an input port, providing a multi-wavelength optical signal;

b) a wavelength-disperser that separates said multi-wavelength optical signal by wavelength into multiple spectral channels having a predetermined relative arrangement;

c) an array of beam-manipulating elements positioned to correspond with said spectral channels; and

d) an array of optical detectors, including a plurality of optical detectors each corresponding to a unique one of said spectral channels;

wherein said beam-manipulating elements are individually controllable, so as to be capable of directing spectral channels into said array of optical detectors concurrently and capable of directing spectral channels into said array of optical detectors in a time-division-multiplexed sequence.

2. The optical apparatus of claim 1 wherein said beam-manipulating elements comprise micromirrors.

3. The optical apparatus of claim 2 wherein said micromirrors comprise silicon micromachined mirrors.

4. The optical apparatus of claim 2 wherein each micromirror is pivotable about at least one axis.

5. The optical apparatus of claim 1 wherein said beam-manipulating elements comprise MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical-system) shutter-elements.

6. The optical apparatus of claim 1 wherein said beam-manipulating elements comprise liquid crystal shutter-elements.

7. The optical apparatus of claim 1 wherein said wavelength-disperser comprises an element selected from the group consisting of ruled diffraction gratings, curved diffraction gratings, holographic diffraction gratings, echelle gratings, transmission gratings, and dispersing prisms.

8. The optical apparatus of claim 1 wherein said array of optical detectors comprises an element selected from the group consisting of PN photo detectors, PIN photo detectors, and avalanche photo detectors.

9. The optical apparatus of claim 1 wherein said input port comprises a fiber collimator, coupled to an input optical fiber transmitting said multi-wavelength optical signal.

10. The optical apparatus of claim 9 wherein said input optical fiber is a single mode fiber.

11. The optical apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a beam-focuser for focusing said spectral channels into corresponding focused spots that impinge onto said beam-manipulating elements.

12. The optical apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a reference signal, emerging from said input port along with said multi-wavelength optical signal, wherein said wavelength-disperser directs a reference spectral component of said reference signal to a predetermined location on a reference-position-sensing element.

13. The optical apparatus of claim 12 wherein said reference-position-sensing element comprises an element selected from the group consisting of position sensitive detectors, quadrant detectors, and split detectors.

14. The optical apparatus of claim 12 wherein said input port comprises a fiber collimator coupled to an input optical fiber, wherein said optical apparatus further comprises an optical combiner for coupling a reference light source to said input optical fiber, and wherein said input optical fiber transmits said multi-wavelength optical signal and said reference light source provides said reference signal.

15. The optical apparatus of claim 12 further comprising an alignment-adjusting element for adjusting an alignment between said spectral channels and said beam-manipulating elements.

16. The optical apparatus of claim 15 wherein said beam-manipulating elements and said reference-position-sensing element form an optical-element array, and wherein said alignment-adjusting element comprises an actuation device coupled to said optical-element array, for causing said optical-element array to move.

17. The optical apparatus of claim 15 further comprising a processing element in communication with said alignment-adjusting element and said reference-position-sensing element, wherein said processing element monitors an impinging position of said reference spectral component onto said reference-position-sensing element and provides control of said alignment-adjusting element accordingly, so as to maintain said reference spectral component at said predetermined location, thereby ensuring a requisite alignment between said spectral channels and said beam-manipulating elements.

18. An optical apparatus, comprising:

a) an input port, providing a multi-wavelength optical signal;

b) a polarization-separating element that decomposes said multi-wavelength optical signal into first and second polarization components;

c) a polarization-rotating element that rotates a polarization of said second polarization component by approximately 90-degrees;

d) a wavelength-disperser that separates said first and second polarization components by wavelength respectively into first and second sets of optical beams;

e) a beam-focuser that focuses first and second sets of optical beams into corresponding focused spots;

f) an array of beam-manipulating elements positioned to correspond with said first and second sets of optical beams; and

g) at least one array of optical detectors for monitoring power associated with said first and second polarization components;

wherein said beam-manipulating elements are individually controllable, so as to be capable of directing some of said optical beams into said at least one array of optical detectors concurrently and capable of directing some of said optical beams into said at least one array of optical detectors in a time-division-multiplexed sequence.

19. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said beam-manipulating elements comprise micromirrors.

20. The optical apparatus of claim 19 wherein said micromirrors comprise silicon micromachined mirrors.

21. The optical apparatus of claim 19 wherein each micromirror is pivotable about at least one axis.

22. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said beam-manipulating elements comprise liquid crystal shutter-elements.

23. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said beam-manipulating elements comprise MEMS shutter-elements.

24. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said polarization-separating element comprises an element selected from the group consisting of polarizing beam splitters and birefringent beam displacers.

25. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said polarization-rotating element comprises an element selected from the group consisting of half-wave plates, liquid crystal rotators, and Faraday rotators.

26. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said wavelength-disperser comprises an element selected from the group consisting of ruled diffraction gratings, holographic diffraction gratings, echelle gratings, curved diffraction gratings, transmission gratings, and dispersing prisms.

27. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said beam-focuser comprises at least one focusing lens.

28. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said input port comprises a fiber collimator.

29. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said at least one array of optical detectors comprises a single array of optical detectors.

30. The optical apparatus of claim 18 wherein said at least one array of optical detectors comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of PN photo-detectors, PIN photo detectors, and avalanche photo detectors.

31. A method of spectral power monitoring, comprising:

a) providing a multi-wavelength optical signal;

b) separating said multi-wavelength optical signal by wavelength into multiple spectral channels; and

c) selectively directing said spectral channels into an array of optical detectors, such that some of said spectral channels are capable of being received by said optical detectors concurrently and some of said spectral channels are capable of being received by said optical detectors in a time-division-multiplexed sequence.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein said step c) is carried out by way of an array of micromirrors that are individually movable.

33. A method of optical spectral power monitoring, comprising:

a) providing a multi-wavelength optical signal;

b) decomposing said multi-wavelength optical signal into first and second polarization components;

c) rotating a polarization of said second polarization component by approximately 90-degrees;

d) separating said first and second polarization components by wavelength respectively into first and second sets of optical beams;

e) focusing said first and second sets of optical beams into corresponding focused spots;

f) impinging said first and second sets of optical beams onto an array of beam-manipulating elements; and

g) individually controlling said beam-manipulating elements, such that some of said optical beams are capable of being directed into at least one array of optical detectors concurrently and some of said optical beams are capable of being directed into said at least one array of optical detectors in a time-division-multiplexed sequence, whereby said at least one array of optical detectors monitors power associated with said first and second polarization components.