Signal decoding method and apparatus

• US 7,242,729 B1
• Filed: 04/25/2005
• Issued: 07/10/2007
• Est. Priority Date: 04/26/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: DGI Creations, LLC
• Original Assignee: DGI Creations, LLC
• Inventors: Weber, John Robert Jr., Heistermann, Fritz
• Primary Examiner(s): Ghebretinsae; Temesghen
• Assistant Examiner(s): TORRES, JUAN A
• Application Number:
  US11/113,843
• Time in Patent Office: 806 Days
• Field of Search: 375/329, 329/304, 329/306
• US Class Current: 375/329
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 2203/542 using zero crossing information
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 2203/5466 using three phases conductors
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 3/54 Systems for transmission via power distribution lines
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0045 Arrangements at the receiver end

Abstract

An apparatus and method for use by a receiver in decoding information sent by phase-shift keying over a carrier frequency is disclosed. The method is well suited for use with power line carrier (PLC) applications as it is adapted to appropriately position the sampling window based on a zero crossing of one of the phases of the power line. The method allows for receipt and processing of information on more than one carrier frequency and from transmitters operating on a phase of the power line that is different than the phase used by the receiver to detect the zero crossings of the alternating current at the power grid frequency on the power line. A number of alternative embodiments are included.

Claims

1. A method of decoding a phase shift keying signal carried on a carrier frequency over a power line operating at a power grid frequency, the method comprising the steps of:

detecting a zero crossing of the alternating current on a first phase of the power line operated at the power grid frequency;

converting at least a portion of a received analog signal carried on the carrier frequency to a set of digital samples, the portion corresponding to the analog signal during a sampling window established in relation to the detected zero crossing on the first phase of the power line;

using the detected zero crossing as a trigger to create a set of digital values of an ideal cosine wave with a frequency substantially equal to the carrier frequency;

using the detected zero crossing to create a set of digital values of an ideal sine wave with frequency substantially equal to the carrier frequency;

multiplying a subset of digital samples with a subset of corresponding created digital values for the ideal cosine wave and storing the sum of the products as the In-Phase Component of the set of digital samples;

multiplying a subset of digital samples with a subset of corresponding created digital values for the ideal sine wave and storing the sum of the products as the Quadrature component of the set of digital samples;

obtaining a phase offset for the received analog signal from an ideal cosine wave by obtaining the Arctangent of the quotient of the Quadrature component divided by the In-Phase component; and

using the obtained phase offset to decode the binary information conveyed by phase shift keying in the received analog signal.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the subset of digital samples is the entire set of digital samples corresponding to the analog signal during the sampling window.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of using the obtained phase offset to decode the binary information converts the phase offset to a particular binary value.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the detected zero crossing is the n^th detected zero crossing and the step of using the obtained phase offset to decode the binary information compares the obtained phase offset measured after the n^th zero crossing to a stored value for a phase offset measured after the n−

1 zero crossing.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of converting at least a portion of a received analog signal carried on the carrier frequency to a set of digital samples converts a set of samples of the analog signal taken at predictable intervals beginning a time interval A after a detected zero crossing and ending after a time interval B so that the digital samples are not obtained close to a zero crossing where there is little coherent energy.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein step of converting at least a portion of a received analog signal carried on the carrier frequency to a set of digital samples is done in connection with an applied offset so that the set of digital samples from the sampling window are offset to compensate for a transmitter operating on a second phase of the power line different from the first phase.

7. The method of claim 5 wherein the portion of received analog signal carried on the carrier frequency converted to a set of digital samples is a set of samples taken at 2 microsecond intervals starting approximately one millisecond after a detected zero crossing and ending approximately 6.4 milliseconds after starting.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the arctangent of the quotient of the Quadrature component divided by the In-Phase component is achieved through the use of a look-up table to eliminate the need for a divider circuit.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the values of the I and Q components are swapped and complimented as needed so that 360 degrees of possible arctangent angles are handled by a look-up table with entries for a 90 degree range of values.

10. A method of matching an incoming analog signal conveying one of X possible phase shifts on one of Y possible carrier frequencies by:

A. detecting a zero crossing of an alternating current at a power grid frequency on a first phase of a power line;

B. obtaining a digital representation of an analog signal received at the receiver at a time interval after the detected zero crossing;

C. creating a set of products by multiplying the digital representation of the analog signal at the time interval after the zero line crossing by calculated values for the time interval after the zero crossing for various combinations of the X possible phase shifts and the Y possible carrier frequencies;

D. storing each of the products in an accumulator used to accumulate products for a particular combination of a particular one of the X possible phase shifts and one of the Y possible carrier frequencies;

E. incrementing the time interval by an amount Delta;

F. repeating steps B, C, D, and E until the desired set of samples from that analog signal have been digitized, leading to the accumulation of products of the digitized analog signal multiplied by corresponding calculated values for the relevant intervals;

G. discerning which of the X possible phase shifts and which of the Y possible carrier frequencies were used to create the analog signal by examining the relative sizes of the various accumulators; and

H. decoding the binary information conveyed by the phase shift.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the receiver detects zero crossings of the alternating current on the first phase of the power line but offsets the sampling window to sample a signal created by a transmitter connected to a second phase of the power line wherein the second phase is not the same as the first phase.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein the step of discerning which of the X possible phase shifts and which of the Y possible carrier frequencies were used to create the analog signal includes a comparison of the accumulator values against a minimum value and:

if the largest accumulator value is below the minimum value then dismissing the analog signal sent between two zero crossings as an invalid burst;

else accepting the analog signal sent between two zero crossings as a valid burst for decoding the binary information conveyed by the phase shift.

13. The method of claim 10 wherein the step of discerning which of the X possible phase shifts and which of the Y possible carrier frequencies were used to create the analog carrier detects that a first carrier frequency with a first phase shift and a second carrier frequency different from the first carrier frequency and a second phase shift possibly equal to the first phase shift were both conveyed within the sampled period and received in the incoming analog signal.

14. A receiver for decoding binary information conveyed by phase shift keying over a power line carrier, the receiver comprising:

a zero crossing detector for detecting a set of zero crossings of an alternating current at a power grid frequency on a first phase of the power line;

an input for receiving an analog signal obtained from a pick-up coil connected to one of the phases of the power line carrier;

a digital converter to convert a portion of the analog signal received during a sampling window into a series of digital values, the start of the sampling window set based on the detection of a zero crossing and the sampling window set to capture the analog signal sent between two zero crossings of the alternating current at the power grid frequency on the power line phase carrying the analog signal;

a multiplier/accumulator module for;

multiplying a series of number pairs, each number pair consisting of a digital value a certain offset into the sampling window and a digital value of an ideal cosine wave at a first specific frequency expected at that offset into the sampling window for a transmitter using that specific frequency to convey information via phase shift keying;

accumulating as the I value for that first specific frequency, the sum of the products from the multiplication of the sampled digital values and the corresponding ideal cosine wave values for the first specific frequency;

multiplying a second series of number pairs, each number pair consisting of the digital value a certain offset into the sampling window and a digital value of an ideal sine wave at a first specific frequency expected at that offset into the sampling window for a transmitter using that specific frequency to convey information via phase shift keying;

accumulating as a Q value for that first specific frequency the sum of the products from the multiplication of the sampled digital values and the corresponding ideal sine wave values; and

a means for converting the I and Q values for a specific frequency into a conveyed phase shift for the analog signal received during that sampling window for that specific frequency to decode the binary information conveyed by the phase shift.

15. The receiver of claim 14 wherein the means for converting the values in the I and Q values for a specific frequency to a conveyed phase shift include use of a divider circuit to obtain a value for the Q divided by I.

16. The receiver of claim 14 wherein the means for converting the I and Q values for a specific frequency to a conveyed phase shift include the use of a look-up table.

17. The receiver of claim 14 wherein the sampling window can be set for a delay offset to increase the interval between the detection of a zero crossing by the zero crossing detector and the start of the sampling window such that an analog signal created by a remote transmitter based on a transmitter with a zero crossing detector monitoring a second phase of the power line where the second phase is different from the first phase.

18. The receiver of claim 14 wherein the receiver multiplier/accumulator module also acts to accumulate I and Q values for a second specific frequency not equal to the first specific frequency by:

multiplying a third series of number pairs, each number pair consisting of the digital value a certain offset into the sampling window and a digital value of an ideal cosine wave at a second specific frequency expected at that offset into the sampling window for a transmitter using that specific frequency to convey information via phase shift keying;

accumulating as the I value for that second specific frequency, the sum of the products from the multiplication of the sampled digital values and the corresponding ideal cosine wave values for the second specific frequency;

multiplying a fourth series of number pairs, each number pair consisting of a digital value a certain offset into the sampling window and a digital value of an ideal sine wave at a second specific frequency expected at that offset into the sampling window for a transmitter using that specific frequency to convey information via phase shift keying;

accumulating as a Q value for that second specific frequency the sum of the products from the multiplication of the sampled digital values and the corresponding ideal sine wave values;

such that the means for converting the I and Q values for a specific frequency into a conveyed phase shift for the analog signal received during that sampling window for that specific frequency can provide a first phase shift received on the first specific frequency during a sampling window offset from a particular zero crossing and a second phase shift received on the second specific frequency during a sampling window offset from the same particular zero crossing.

19. The receiver of claim 18 wherein offset used for the sampling window offset from a particular zero crossing in order to obtain the phase shift conveyed by the first specific frequency is not the same as the offset used for the sampling window offset from the same particular zero crossing in order to obtain the phase shift conveyed by the second specific frequency as the transmitter using the first specific frequency is on a first phase of power line and the transmitter using the second specific frequency is on a second phase of power line.

20. The receiver of claim 14 wherein the means for converting the I and Q values for a specific frequency into a conveyed phase shift includes a requirement that the absolute value for at least one of either the I or the Q component exceeds a certain threshold value to help ensure that information was actually conveyed on that specific frequency during that sampling window.