Optical spectroscopy apparatus and method for measurement of analyte concentrations or other such species in a specimen employing a semiconductor laser-pumped, small-cavity fiber laser

• US 7,283,242 B2
• Filed: 09/01/2004
• Issued: 10/16/2007
• Est. Priority Date: 04/11/2003
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Robert L. Thornton
• Original Assignee: Robert L. Thornton
• Inventors: Thornton, Robert L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Chowdhury; Tarifur
• Assistant Examiner(s): Akanbi; Isiaka O.
• Application Number:
  US10/932,163
• Publication Number:
  US 20050030540A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,140 Days
• Field of Search: 356/432, 372/26
• US Class Current: 356/432
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14532 for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14546 for measuring analytes not otherwise provided for, e.g. ions, cytochromes
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/1455 using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/4338 Frequency modulated spectrometry
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/255 Details, e.g. use of specially adapted sources, lighting or optical systems
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/067 Fibre lasers
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/06704 Housings; Packages
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/06708 Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering optical fibres as passive waveguides G02B6/02
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/06716 Fibre compositions per se C03C13/04or doping with active elements lasing materials in general H01S3/14
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/0675 Resonators including a grating structure, e.g. distributed Bragg reflectors [DBR] or distributed feedback [DFB] fibre lasers
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/0809 Two-wavelenghth emission
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/094042 of a fibre laser
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/09415 the pumping beam being parallel to the lasing mode of the pumped medium, e.g. end-pumping
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/1022 by controlling the optical pumping
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/1603 rare earth
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/1616 thulium
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/2383 Parallel arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/2391 emitting at different wavelengths
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/026 Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers stabilisation of output H01S5/06
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/146 using a fiber as external cavity
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/147 : having specially shaped fibre, e.g. lensed or tapered end portion
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/183 : having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/18305 : with emission through the substrate, i.e. bottom emission

Abstract

An optical spectroscopy apparatus determines the concentration of analyte in a specimen that utilizes a single radiation source which is hybrid laser comprising a semiconductor pump laser and small-cavity rare earth fiber laser where laser cavities of both lasers are butt coupled or otherwise optically coupled to form a plurality of laser cavities that produce a plurality of emission wavelengths, one which may be the pump laser emission wavelength at the output of the fiber laser thereby forming a multi-wavelength combined output where the wavelengths substantially match distinguishing spectral characteristic features along at least a portion of a characteristic optical spectrum of the analyte under examination.

Claims

1. An optical spectroscopy apparatus for determining the concentration of analyte in a specimen that utilizes a radiation source comprising at least one combination of a semiconductor pump laser and small-cavity fiber laser where laser cavities of both lasers are butt coupled to provide a plurality of laser cavities that produce a plurality of emission wavelengths at a same output of the butt coupled laser that are designed to substantially match distinguishing spectral characteristic features along at least a portion of an characteristic optical spectrum of the analyte under determination.

2. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means to modulate said emission wavelengths with different frequencies.

3. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 2 wherein one of the modulating means comprises a first frequency that is above a maximum frequency response of said fiber laser and at least one second frequency that is below the maximum frequency response of said fiber laser.

4. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 3 wherein said first frequency modulates an emission at a wavelength of said semiconductor pump laser and said at least one second frequency produces a modulation at one or more emission wavelengths from said fiber laser cavity.

5. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 3 wherein said one frequency modulates a pump laser frequency and said second frequency modulates one of several possible fiber laser frequencies.

6. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 5 further comprising a broadband photodetector responsive to said first and second frequencies.

7. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 2 wherein one of the modulating means comprises a first frequency that is above a maximum frequency response of said fiber laser, a second frequency that is below the maximum frequency response of said fiber laser, and a third frequency that is intermediate of the first and second frequencies.

8. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 7 wherein said first frequency modulates an emission wavelength of said semiconductor pump laser and said second frequency modulates an emission wavelength from said fiber laser cavity and said third frequency modulates an emission wavelength also from said fiber laser cavity.

9. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 1 wherein said fiber laser has a doped core.

10. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 9 wherein said fiber core is doped with a rare earth species.

11. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 10 wherein said rare earth species is selected from the group consisting of thulium, neodymium, erbium and holmium.

12. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 10 wherein said rare earth species is selected according to at least one emission wavelength that falls within an emission wavelength band for a given rare earth species in a particular fiber material wherein the emission wavelength falls on a spectral characteristic feature comprising a maxima or minima intensity peak along at least a portion of the characteristic optical spectrum of the analyte under determination.

13. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 12 wherein said characteristic optical spectrum comprises absorption coefficients for the analyte under determination.

14. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 12 wherein said characteristic optical spectrum comprises residual absorbance for the analyte under determination.

15. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 12 wherein rare earth species is selected from the group consisting of thulium, neodymium, erbium, holmium, ytterbium, promethium, terbium and praseodymium.

16. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 12 wherein said fiber material is silica.

17. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 12 wherein said fiber material is ZBLAN.

18. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 10 wherein said rare earth species is selected according to at least one absorption wavelength that falls within an emission wavelength band for said semiconductor pump laser wherein the subsequent rare earth species emission wavelength falls on a spectral characteristic feature comprising a maxima or minima intensity peak along at least a portion of the characteristic optical spectrum of the analyte under determination.

19. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 18 wherein said characteristic optical spectrum comprises absorption coefficients for the analyte under determination.

20. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 18 wherein said characteristic optical spectrum comprises residual absorbance for the analyte under determination.

21. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 1 wherein said fiber laser has an inner and outer cladding surrounding a core, said inner cladding comprising one of the cavities of said semiconductor pump laser.

22. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 1 wherein said butt coupled laser comprises two cavities comprising said semiconductor laser forming a first laser cavity with a first pair of cavity end mirrors and a second laser cavity formed by a second pair of cavity end mirrors.

23. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 22 further comprising a further mirror at said butt coupled laser output forming third, extended laser cavity of said first laser cavity, said extended cavity providing an emission wavelength at said output comprising a pump laser wavelength of said semiconductor pump laser.

24. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 22 wherein said laser is a surface emitter semiconductor emission laser or a side emitter semiconductor laser.

25. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 24 wherein said surface emitter semiconductor emission laser is a vertical cavity semiconductor emission laser (VCSEL) and said side emitter semiconductor laser is a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser.

26. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 1 wherein said butt coupled laser comprises two cavities comprising said semiconductor laser forming a first laser cavity and said fiber laser forming a second cavity.

27. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 26 further comprising a further mirror at said butt coupled laser output forming third, extended laser cavity of said first laser cavity, said extended cavity providing an emission wavelength at said butt coupled laser output comprising a pump laser wavelength of said semiconductor pump laser.

28. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 27 wherein said pump laser wavelength is selected from a plurality of possible pumping wavelengths that is at a distinguishing absorption intensity of the analyte under determination.

29. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 28 wherein said distinguishing absorption intensity is a maxima or minima absorption intensity peak of the analyte under determination.

30. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 1 wherein said distinguishing absorption intensities are maxima or minima absorption intensity peaks along at least a portion of the absorption spectrum of the analyte under determination.

31. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 30 wherein said absorption spectrum comprises absorption coefficients for the analyte under determination.

32. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 30 wherein said absorption spectrum comprises residual absorbance for the analyte under determination.

33. An optical spectroscopy apparatus for determining the concentration of analyte in a specimen, comprising:

a hybrid laser that includes a semiconductor pump laser with a small-cavity fiber laser having a plurality of laser cavities that provide at an output from the hybrid laser a plurality of different emission wavelengths of radiation at least one from the small-cavity fiber laser and another from the semiconductor pump laser that substantially match distinguishing wavelength spectral characteristic features along at least a portion of an absorption spectral range of the analyte;

means for modulating the hybrid laser with a plurality of tone frequencies where all the tone frequencies effectively modulate an emission wavelength from the semiconductor laser and at least one tone frequency effectively modulates an emission wavelength from the fiber laser;

means for collecting the modulated radiation from the hybrid laser output reflected from or passed through the specimen containing the analyte under examination;

means for sensing the modulated tone frequencies from the collected radiation wavelengths producing a plurality of tone frequencies representative of amplitude absorption values at the absorption intensity wavelength spectral characteristic features of the analyte within the absorption spectral portion;

means for comparing the sensed tone frequencies with a set of corresponding tone frequencies absent of the spectral absorption from the analyte producing a set of values representative of spectral characteristic features after spectral absorption by the analyte; and

means for correlating differences in the set of values to produce a final value representative of a measurement of concentration of the analyte in the specimen.

34. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein said comparison means comprises means for producing a plurality of different intensity signals representative of differences in analyte absorption levels along the absorption spectral portion of the analyte under examination.

35. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the semiconductor laser-pumped small-cavity fiber laser comprises a fiber lasing cavity having a core containing a rare earth.

36. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the semiconductor laser-pumped small-cavity fiber laser comprises a fiber lasing cavity that has at least two inner claddings, the inner most cladding surrounding a central fiber core and comprising a pump laser lasing cavity.

37. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein said central fiber core is doped with a rare earth dopant.

38. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein said semiconductor pump laser is a surface emitting laser or a side emitter laser.

39. The apparatus of claim 38 wherein said surface emitting laser is a vertical cavity surface emission laser (VCSEL).

40. The apparatus of claim 33 further comprising means to modulate the semiconductor pump laser with a plurality of tone frequencies.

41. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein said tone frequencies modulate all of the wavelengths produced from multiple cavities of said hybrid laser.

42. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein at least one of said tone frequencies modulates an emission wavelength from said fiber laser and all of said tone frequencies modulate an emission wavelength from said semiconductor pump laser.

43. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein said fiber laser has a maximum frequency response to a tone frequency at given tone frequency level when applied to said hybrid laser, at least one of said tone frequencies is above the maximum frequency response of said fiber laser and another of said tone frequencies is below the maximum frequency response of said fiber laser.

44. The apparatus of claim 43 wherein a third of said tone frequencies is either above or below said given tone frequency level.

45. An optical spectroscopy apparatus for determining the concentration of an analyte in a specimen, comprising a radiation source comprising a hybrid laser having a semiconductor pump laser optically coupled to a small-cavity fiber laser doped with a rare earth species and produces a plurality of emission wavelengths at a single output at two or more emission wavelengths from said hybrid laser where all of said wavelengths substantially match distinguishing spectral characteristic features along at least a portion of an absorption spectral range of the analyte under examination.

46. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 45 further comprising means to modulate said semiconductor pump laser with a plurality of different tone frequencies, at least a first of said tone frequencies is above a maximum frequency response of said fiber laser and at least a second of said tone frequencies is below the maximum frequency response of said output fiber laser.

47. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 46 wherein at least a third tone frequency is an intermediate frequency between said first and second tone frequencies.

48. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 45 where at least a first of said emission wavelengths is a pump laser emission wavelength from said semiconductor pump laser.

49. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 48 further comprising means to modulate said semiconductor pump laser with a plurality of different tone frequencies, at least a first of said tone frequencies is above a maximum frequency response of said fiber laser and at least a second of said tone frequencies is below the maximum frequency response of said output fiber laser.

50. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 49 wherein at least a third tone frequency is an intermediate frequency between said first and second tone frequencies.

51. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 45 wherein said semiconductor pump laser is a surface emitting laser or an edge emitting laser.

52. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 45 wherein said semiconductor pump laser is a DBR laser, a DFB laser or a Fabry-Perot laser.

53. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 45 comprising a plurality of said hybrid lasers with each semiconductor pump laser modulated by a plurality of tone frequencies.

54. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 53 wherein some of said tone frequencies are above a maximum frequency response of their corresponding fiber lasers and others of said tone frequencies are below said maximum frequency response of their corresponding fiber lasers.

55. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 45 wherein said rare earth is selected from the group consisting of thulium, erbium, holmium, ytterbium, neodymium, promethium, terbium, and praseodymium.

56. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 45 wherein said fiber laser has a length in a range of about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm.

57. A hybrid laser comprising a first laser optically coupled to second laser and having a single output, said first laser responsive to a plurality of applied tone frequencies and said second laser is responsive to modulation at not all of said tone frequencies.

58. The hybrid laser of claim 57 wherein said output includes an emission wavelength produced from said first laser.

59. The hybrid laser of claim 57 further comprising means to modulate said first laser with a plurality of tone frequencies.

60. The hybrid laser of claim 57 wherein said first laser is a semiconductor laser and said second laser is a fiber laser.

61. The hybrid laser of claim 60 wherein said first laser is an edge emitter laser or a surface emitting laser.

62. The hybrid laser of claim 60 wherein said second laser is a fiber laser having a short cavity that does not exceed a few centimeters in length.

63. The hybrid laser of claim 62 wherein said fiber laser cavity is around one centimeter.

64. The hybrid laser of claim 60 wherein said fiber laser has an optical core containing a rare earth.

65. The hybrid laser of claim 64 wherein said rare earth is selected from the group consisting of thulium, erbium, holmium, ytterbium, neodymium, promethium, terbium, and praseodymium.

66. The hybrid laser of claim 57 wherein said first laser provides a first emission wavelength for pumping said second laser.

67. The hybrid laser of claim 66 wherein said first emission wavelength is also an emission wavelength from said output.

68. A hybrid laser comprising a first laser optically coupled to second laser and having a single output, said first laser responsive to a plurality of applied tone frequencies, said second laser has a maximum frequency response, at least one of said tone frequencies is below said maximum frequency response.

69. The hybrid laser of claim 68 wherein said output includes an emission wavelength produced from said first laser.

70. The hybrid laser of claim 68 further comprising means to modulate said first laser with a plurality of tone frequencies.

71. The hybrid laser of claim 68 wherein said first laser is a semiconductor laser and said second laser is a fiber laser.

72. The hybrid laser of claim 71 wherein said first laser is an edge emitter laser or a surface emitting laser.

73. The hybrid laser of claim 71 wherein said second laser is a fiber laser having a short cavity that does not exceed a few centimeters in length.

74. The hybrid laser of claim 73 wherein said fiber laser cavity is around one centimeter.

75. The hybrid laser of claim 68 wherein said fiber laser has an optical core containing a rare earth.

76. The hybrid laser of claim 75 wherein said rare earth is selected from the group consisting of thulium, erbium, holmium, ytterbium, neodymium, promethium, terbium, and praseodymium.

77. The hybrid laser of claim 68 wherein said first laser provides a first emission wavelength for pumping said second laser.

78. The hybrid laser of claim 77 wherein said first emission wavelength is also an emission wavelength from said output.

79. A method of determining the concentration of an analyte in a specimen comprising the steps of:

providing a hybrid laser that has multiple separate lasing cavities for producing at an output a plurality of emission wavelengths that substantially match distinguishing wavelength spectral characteristic features along at least a portion of a characteristic optical spectrum of the analyte; and

modulating one of said lasing cavities with a plurality of tone frequencies where some of said output emission wavelengths are modulated by the tone frequencies in one of said lasing cavities but at least one other of said output emission wavelengths is not modulated by at least one of said tone frequencies in the other of said lasing cavities.

80. The method of claim 79 wherein the other of said lasing cavities has a maximum frequency response where non-modulation of said at least one other of said output emission wavelengths is the result of a modulation tone at a frequency of or exceeding the maximum frequency response.

81. The method of claim 80 wherein the other of said lasing cavities is fiber laser cavity.

82. The method of claim 81 where said fiber laser cavity has an optical core doped with a rare earth.