Imaging apparatus providing black level compensation of a successive approximation A/D converter

• US 7,317,480 B1
• Filed: 10/30/2001
• Issued: 01/08/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 10/30/2000
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Aptina Imaging Corporation (ON Semiconductor Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Micron Technology, Inc.
• Inventors: Subbotin, Igor, Toros, Zeynep, Barna, Sandor L., Kaplinsky, Michael, Cho, Kwang-Bo
• Primary Examiner(s): Ye; Lin
• Assistant Examiner(s): JERABEK, KELLY L
• Application Number:
  US10/000,660
• Time in Patent Office: 2,261 Days
• Field of Search: 348/243, 341/126, 341/165, 341/155, 341/172, 340/870.21
• US Class Current: 348/243
• CPC Class Codes: H03M 1/1019 by storing a corrected or correction value in a digital look-up table
• CPC Class Codes: H03M 1/1215 using time-division multiplexing
• CPC Class Codes: H03M 1/46 with digital/analogue converter for supplying reference values to converter
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/63 applied to dark current
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/633 by using optical black pixels
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/70 SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 25/76 Addressed sensors, e.g. MOS or CMOS sensors

Abstract

Image sensor with a successive approximation A/D converter that automatically compensates for black level and provides a signal indicative of the difference between the reset level and the signal level. Black level for each of a plurality of color pixels may be obtained. This may be obtained from, for example, an image sensor with intentionally darkened pixels. Levels from these pixels are sampled, and an average of these pixels is used to form a black level for similarly-colored pixels. That black level is stored, and used to drive a D/A converter. Another D/A converter forms the actual conversion, and is compared to a reference. The reference is selected such that the output signal is automatically compensated for black level, and also corresponds to the difference between signal and reset.

Claims

1. An image sensor assembly, comprising:

an array of photoreceptors, each receiving image energy from a pixel of an overall image;

a dark level storage register, storing information indicative of a dark level in a pixel; and

an A/D converter, which converts energy from said photoreceptors into a digital form while separately converting the information stored in the dark level storage register into a voltage level indicative of said dark level, and combining said voltage level indicative of said dark level with said energy from said photoreceptors, said digital form being indicative of the energy as compensated by said information indicative of said dark level; and

a dark level determining element, determining levels of known dark elements within said array of photoreceptors, and determining an average of said levels and storing said average in said dark level storage register.

2. An image sensor as in claim 1, wherein said dark level determining element determines said levels for each of a plurality of frames.

3. An image sensor as in claim 2, wherein said dark level determining element determines said levels as:

4. An image sensor assembly comprising:

an array of photoreceptors, each receiving image energy from a pixel of an overall image;

a dark level storage register, storing information indicative of a dark level in a pixel; and

an A/D converter, which converts energy from said photoreceptors into a digital form while separately converting the information stored in the dark level storage register into a voltage level indicative of said dark level, and combining said voltage level indicative of said dark level with said energy from said photoreceptors, said digital form being indicative of the energy as compensated by said information indicative of said dark level; and

wherein said A/D converter includes a first part which converts a signal, and a second part which converts the level indicative of said dark level.

5. An image sensor as in claim 4, wherein said A/D converter converts a level equivalent to a difference between a reset level and signal level.

6. An image sensor as in claim 4, wherein said first part converts with a greater bit resolution than said second part.

7. An image sensor as in claim 6, wherein outputs of said first part and said second part are added together.

8. An image sensor as in claim 4, further comprising a successive approximation register, driving said first part to produce an output, and a comparator, comparing said output to a signal output.

9. An image sensor assembly, comprising:

an array of photoreceptors, each receiving image energy from a pixel of an overall image;

a dark level storage register, storing information indicative of a dark level in a pixel; and

an A/D converter, which converts energy from said photoreceptors into a digital form while separately converting the information stored in the dark level storage register into a voltage level indicative of said dark level, and combining said voltage level indicative of said dark level with said energy from said photoreceptors, said digital form being indicative of the energy as compensated by said information indicative of said dark level,

wherein said array of photoreceptors includes at least a plurality of dark photoreceptors which are intentionally maintained in a dark state, said plurality of dark photoreceptors being used as a calibration region; and

a register, storing a plurality of values of said dark photoreceptors for each of a plurality of colors.

10. An image sensor as in claim 9, further comprising a processing element, which calculates an average value of a plurality of dark photoreceptors.

11. An image sensor as in claim 10, wherein said average value is calculated as a weighted average between a currently obtained average and a previously obtained average.

12. An image sensor as in claim 11, wherein said currently obtained average is an average for a current frame, and said previously obtained average is an average for a previous frame.

13. A method, comprising:

obtaining analog values indicative of image signals;

storing dark level values, representing levels of dark signals; and

converting said analog values to digital values while separately converting the stored dark levels into voltage levels indicative of said dark level values and combining said voltage levels indicative of said dark level values with said analog values as part of creating digital values that are indicative of the image signals as compensated for said dark level values,

wherein said converting comprises comparing compensated analog values to a reference, wherein said compensated analog values correspond to a combination of said analog values from said image signals and analog values representative of said dark level values.

14. A method as in claim 13, further comprising obtaining dark level values.

15. A method as in claim 14, wherein said obtaining dark level values comprises obtaining values from intentionally-darkened pixels.

16. A method as in claim 15, wherein said obtaining values comprises obtaining an average value of a plurality of said pixels.

17. A method as in claim 16, wherein said average value is obtained for each of a plurality of colors of pixels.

18. A method as in claim 16, wherein said obtaining values comprises finding a weighted average between a currently obtained average for a current frame, and a previous average for at least one previous frame.

19. A method as in claim 13, wherein said converting further comprises comparing said compensated analog values to a reference based on a reset level, to obtain an output digital value based on the difference between a signal value and the reset level.

20. A method, comprising:

obtaining analog values indicative of image signals;

storing dark level values, representing levels of dark signals; and

converting said analog values to digital values while separately converting the stored dark levels into voltage levels indicative of said dark level values and combining said voltage levels indicative of said dark level values with said analog values as part of creating digital values that are indicative of the image signals as compensated for said dark level values,

wherein said storing dark level values comprises storing dark level values for each of a plurality of colors, and said converting converts the analog value while compensating for the dark level value for the corresponding colors signal.

21. An image sensor, comprising:

an array of pixels, including a plurality of dark pixels, and a plurality of image sensing pixels that sense image content;

a register, storing information from said plurality of dark pixels; and

a successive approximation A/D converter, including a register storing a current digital conversion value, a comparator, and at least first and second D/A converters, a first of said D/A converters producing an output indicative of information from said plurality of dark pixels, and a second of said D/A converters producing an output indicative of information from the current digital conversion value.

22. An image sensor as in claim 21, wherein said comparator receives a combination of analog values from said first and second D/A converters.

23. An image sensor as in claim 22, wherein said comparator compares said combination to a reference that results in an output equivalent to signal minus reset.

24. An image sensor, comprising:

an array of pixels, including a plurality of darkened pixels which are darkened to produce an output indicative of black level, and a plurality of image sensing pixels that sense image content;

a register, storing information from said dark pixels; and

a calculation element, which determines a black level to be used for compensation by averaging values in said register, said values generated from both a current frame and a previous frame,

wherein said calculation element determines a weighted sum of values from said current frame and a previous frame.

25. An image sensor, comprising:

an array of pixels, including a plurality of darkened pixels which are darkened to produce an output indicative of black level, and a plurality of image sensing pixels that sense image content;

a register, storing information from said dark pixels; and

a calculation element, which determines a black level to be used for compensation by averaging values in said register, said values generated from both a current frame and a previous frame,

wherein said plurality of darkened pixels forms a frame like edge around the plurality of undarkened pixels,

wherein said frame like edge is at least eight pixels around an entirety of said undarkened,

wherein said calculation element calculates different values for each of a plurality of pixel colors.

26. An image sensor as in claim 25, further comprising a register storing values related to dark levels.

27. An image sensor, comprising:

an array of pixels, including a plurality of darkened pixels which are darkened to produce an output indicative of black level, and a plurality of image sensing pixels that sense image content;

a register, storing information from said dark pixels;

a calculation element, which determines a black level to be used for compensation by averaging values in said register, said values generated from both a current frame and a previous frame,

an analog to digital converter element, which converts said image content to a digital value while compensating for said black level.

28. An image sensor as in claim 27, wherein said analog to digital converter element is a successive approximation analog to digital converter, which operates to compare a value to be converted to a reference, and in which said compare comprises compensating for said black level.

29. An image sensor as in claim 28, wherein said compensating comprises adding or subtracting said black level from a value of said image content.

30. An image sensor, comprising:

an array of pixel-based photo sensors, including a first plurality of intentionally darkened pixel photo sensors, which are intentionally configured to be maintained dark, and configured to produce an output indicative of dark level, and a second plurality of image sensing pixels, that are configured to sense content of an incoming image, and produce an output indicative of pixels of said incoming image; and

an analog to digital converter configured to produce an output indicative of values produced by said image sensing pixels as compensated in said converter by values produced by said intentionally darkened pixel photo sensors for a plurality of frames,

wherein said analog to digital converter includes a register which stores values related to dark levels of said intentionally darkened photo sensors.

31. A sensor as in claim 30, wherein said register stores values of weighted averages of dark levels of different pixels.

32. A sensor as in claim 31, wherein said register stores dark levels for each of a plurality of colors.

33. A sensor as in claim 30, wherein said analog to digital converter is a successive approximation type analog to digital converter which compares a value to be converted with a reference value, and wherein one of said values is compensated using said dark level.

34. An image sensor, comprising:

an array of imaging pixels, each imaging pixel providing a reset signal and an image signal representing incident image light;

a register for storing data representing a black level signal; and

a successive approximation analog to digital circuit for using, for each pixel, a reset signal, an image signal, and a black level signal corresponding to said data and for providing a digital output signal representing the image signal as adjusted by said black level signal and a substractive combination of said adjusted image signal and said reset signal.