Directional carrier sense medium access for wireless nodes

• US 7,321,580 B1
• Filed: 10/18/2002
• Issued: 01/22/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 10/18/2002
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: USTA Technology, LLC (Oso IP, LLC)
• Original Assignee: BBN Technologies (Rtx Corporation)
• Inventors: Santivanez, Cesar A., Ramanathan, Subramanian
• Primary Examiner(s): Pezzlo, John
• Application Number:
  US10/273,748
• Time in Patent Office: 1,922 Days
• Field of Search: 370/328, 370/329, 370/339, 370/252, 370/338, 455/450, 455/456.1, 455/456.4
• US Class Current: 370/339
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 16/28 using beam steering
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 74/0816 with collision avoidance

Abstract

A method (508) and system (226) provide directional medium access control for wireless nodes (102) in a wireless network (100), each of the nodes (102) having a transceiver (228) and a plurality of antennas (232, 234, 236, 238, 240) in selective communication with the transceiver (228). Packets (202) are transmitted from a transmitting node (106) of the nodes (102) when a channel (104) is sensed as being free in a beam direction of a selected one of the antennas (232, 234, 236, 238, 240), and in accordance with a pre-determined transmission mode (304) for the data packet (202). The transmitting node (106) is periodically placed in a forced idle state, thereby being prevented from transmitting data packets (202), but being able to receive and respond to data packets (202) from other nodes (102).

Claims

1. In a wireless network of nodes, each of said nodes having a transceiver and a plurality of antennas in selective communication with said transceiver, a computer-based method for controlling access to a transmission medium, said method comprising:

obtaining a packet for transmission at said transceiver of a transmitting node of said nodes, said packet including a destination identifier of a receiving node of said nodes;

selecting a transmitting antenna from said plurality of antennas in response to said destination identifier;

switching to said transmitting antenna;

determining whether said transmission medium is free in a beam direction of said transmitting antenna; and

transmitting said packet from said transmitting antenna over said transmission medium when said transmission medium is free.

2. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said determining operation comprises performing carrier sensing on said transmitting antenna.

3. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising:

detecting an outcome of said transmitting operation, said outcome being one of a successful and an unsuccessful transmission of said packet;

establishing a forced idle period for a forced idle state in response to said outcome; and

placing said transmitting node in said forced idle state to prevent an initiation of packet transmission from said transmitting node during said forced idle period.

4. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 3 wherein said transmitting node further includes a router in communication with said transceiver, said router providing said packet to said transceiver, and said method further comprises communicating said outcome to said router.

5. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 3 wherein said plurality of antennas includes an omnidirectional antenna and directional antennas, said transmitting antenna is one of said directional antennas, and said placing operation further comprises switching from said transmitting antenna to said omnidirectional antenna.

6. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 3 further comprising enabling said transmitting node to receive said packet transmissions initiated at another of said nodes when said transmitting node is in said forced idle state.

7. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising:

establishing a forced idle period for a forced idle state when said determining operation determines that said transmission medium is busy; and

placing said transmitting node in said forced idle state to prevent an initiation of said transmitting operation during said forced idle period.

8. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 7 further comprising:

repeating said determining operation following expiration of said forced idle period; and

executing said transmitting operation when said transmission medium is free.

9. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 8 further comprising:

ascertaining that said transmission medium is busy during each of a pre-determined number of repetitions of said determining operation;

verifying, in response to said ascertaining operation, that said transmitting node remains switched to said transmitting antenna;

detecting that said transmission medium is free for a carrier sensing period; and

immediately performing said transmitting operation following said detecting operation.

10. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising:

sending, prior to said transmitting operation, a transmission request from said transmitting antenna over said transmission medium;

delaying said transmitting operation for a switching period.

11. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 10 further comprising receiving said transmission request in association with said packet.

12. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said transmitting node further comprises a router in communication with said transceiver, said router providing said packet, and said method further comprises:

receiving an acknowledgement (ACK) request in association with said packet;

setting an ACK period following said transmitting operation;

detecting an ACK signal from said receiving node during said ACK period; and

communicating, in response to said ACK signal, a positive outcome of said transmitting operation to said router, said positive outcome indicating a successful transmission of said packet.

13. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 12 further comprising:

failing to detect said ACK signal during said ACK period; and

communicating a negative outcome of said transmitting operation to said router following expiration of said ACK period, said negative outcome indicating an unsuccessful transmission of said packet.

14. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising:

receiving a transmission request and an acknowledgement (ACK) request in association with said packet;

sending, prior to said transmitting operation, said transmission request from said transmitting antenna over said transmission medium;

setting an authorization period at said transmitting node;

detecting a transmission authorization signal from said receiving node prior to expiration of said authorization period; and

initiating said transmitting operation in response to said detecting operation.

15. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 14 further comprising:

failing to detect said transmission authorization signal during said authorization period;

establishing a forced idle period for a forced idle state in response to said failing operation; and

placing said transmitting node in said forced idle state to prevent said initiating operation during said forced idle period.

16. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 15 wherein said transmitting node includes a router in communication with said transceiver for providing said packet, and said method further comprises communicating a negative outcome of said transmitting operation to said router following expiration of said authorization period, said negative outcome indicating an unsuccessful transmission of said packet.

17. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 14 wherein said transmitting node includes a router in communication with said transceiver for providing said packet, and said method further comprises:

establishing an ACK period at said transmitting node in response to said transmitting operation;

detecting an ACK signal from said receiving node during said ACK period; and

communicating a positive outcome of said transmitting operation to said router in response to said ACK signal, said positive outcome indicating a successful transmission of said packet.

18. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 17 wherein said establishing operation comprises determining said forced idle period in response to a size of said packet.

19. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 17 further comprising:

failing to detect said ACK signal during said ACK period; and

communicating a negative outcome to said router following expiration of said ACK period, said negative outcome indicating an unsuccessful transmission of said packet.

20. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 14 further comprising establishing a transmission power level for said transmission request, wherein said sending operation sends said transmission request at said transmission power level, and said transmitting operation transmits said packet at an adjusted power level relative to said transmission power level and a received signal strength of said transmission authorization signal.

21. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 14 further comprising:

establishing a transmission power level for said transmission request such that said sending operation sends said transmission request at said transmission power level;

detecting a negative outcome of said transmitting operation;

increasing said transmission power level to obtain an incremented power level; and

repeating said sending operation at said incremented power level.

22. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said transmitting operation comprises establishing a transmission power level for said packet, and said transmitting operation transmits said packet at said transmission power level.

23. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 22 wherein said establishing operation comprises receiving said transmission power level in association with said packet.

24. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said transmitting node is a first node, and said method further comprises:

placing said first node in an idle state following said transmitting operation; and

receiving, at said first node, a data structure from a second node of said nodes when said first node is in said idle state.

25. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 24 further comprising:

initiating an escape time period in response to said receiving operation; and

discontinuing said receiving operation when said escape time period expires.

26. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 24 further comprising:

determining that said data structure is unintended for said first node; and

ignoring said data structure.

27. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 24 wherein said transmitting node further includes a router in communication with said transceiver, and said method further comprises:

determining that said data structure is a second packet intended for said first node; and

delivering said second packet to said router.

28. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 24 wherein said plurality of antennas includes an omnidirectional antenna and directional antennas, said transmitting antenna is a first one of said directional antennas, and said placing operation further comprises switching from said transmitting antenna to said omnidirectional antenna to place said first node in said idle state.

29. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 28 wherein said receiving operation comprises:

determining that said data structure includes a source identifier for said second node and a transmission request;

selecting a second one of said directional antennas in response to said source identifier;

switching to said second directional antenna; and

receiving a second packet at said second directional antenna during a data receive period.

30. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 29 further comprising:

detecting a failure to receive said second packet during said data receive period; and

recording said failure as an error event when said data receive period expires.

31. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 28 wherein said receiving operation comprises:

determining that said data structure further includes an acknowledge (ACK) request;

sending a transmission authorization signal from said second directional antenna over said transmission medium in response to said transmission request and said ACK request; and

sending an ACK signal from said second directional antenna following receipt of said second packet.

32. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 28 wherein said receiving operation comprises:

determining that said data structure includes a source identifier and an acknowledge (ACK) request;

selecting a second one of said directional antennas in response to said source identifier;

switching to said second directional antenna;

receiving said second packet at said second directional antenna during a data receive period; and

transmitting from said second directional antenna over said transmission medium an ACK signal following receipt of said second packet.

33. A computer-based method as claimed in claim 32 further comprising:

detecting a failure to receive said second packet during said data receive period; and

recording said failure as an error event when said data receive period expires.

34. In a node of a wireless network, a system for controlling access to a transmission medium, said node configured for communicating with other nodes in said wireless network over said transmission medium, said node including a router for providing a packet for transmission over said transmission medium, said packet including a destination identifier of a receiving node of said other nodes, said node further including a transceiver for obtaining said packet from said router, an omnidirectional antenna, directional antennas, and a switch selectively interconnecting said omnidirectional antenna and said directional antennas with said transceiver, said system comprising:

a processor, in communication with said router and said transceiver for controlling access to said transmission medium; and

a memory element, in communication with said processor, for storing a database of transmission characteristics for each of said omnidirectional and directional antennas, wherein said processor performs operations comprising;

accessing said database to select one of said omnidirectional antenna and said directional antennas to be a transmitting antenna in response to said destination identifier;

activating said switch to interconnect said transceiver and said transmitting antenna;

performing carrier sensing on said transmitting antenna to determine whether said transmission medium is free in a beam direction of said transmitting antenna;

when said transmission medium is free, initiating transmission of said packet from said transmitting antenna over said transmission medium; and

when said transmission medium is busy, preventing said transmission of said packet.

35. A system as claimed in claim 34 further comprising:

establishing a forced idle period for a forced idle state when said transmission medium is busy; and

placing said node in said forced idle state for said forced idle period.

36. A system as claimed in claim 34 wherein said processor performs further operations comprising:

detecting an outcome of said transmission of said packet, said outcome being one of a successful and an unsuccessful transmission of said packet;

establishing a forced idle period for a forced idle state in response to said outcome; and

placing said node in said forced idle state for said forced idle period.

37. A system as claimed in claim 36 wherein said processor performs a further operation of activating said switch when said transmitting antenna is one of said directional antennas to switch from said transmitting antenna to said omnidirectional antenna during said forced idle period.

38. A system as claimed in claim 36 wherein said processor performs a further operation of enabling said transceiver to receive packet transmissions initiated at said other nodes when said node is in said forced idle state.

39. A system as claimed in claim 34 wherein said processor performs further operations comprising:

receiving a transmission request in association with said packet;

sending, prior to said initiating operation, said transmission request from said transmitting antenna over said transmission medium; and

delaying said initiating operation for a switching period.

40. A system as claimed in claim 34 wherein said processor performs further operations comprising:

receiving an acknowledge (ACK) request in association with said packet;

setting an ACK period following said transmitting operation;

when an ACK signal from said other node is detected during said ACK period, communicating a positive outcome of said transmission of said packet to said router, said positive outcome indicating a successful transmission of said packet; and

when said ACK period expires without detection of said ACK signal, communicating a negative outcome of said transmission of said packet to said router, said negative outcome indicating an unsuccessful transmission of said packet.

41. A system as claimed in claim 34 wherein said processor performs further operations comprising:

receiving a transmission request and an acknowledgement (ACK) request in association with said packet;

sending, prior to said transmitting operation, said transmission request from said transmitting antenna over said transmission medium;

setting an authorization period at said transmitting node;

when a transmission authorization signal is detected prior to expiration of said authorization period, executing said initiating operation;

when said authorization period expires without detection of said transmission authorization signal, communicating a negative outcome of said transmission of said packet to said router, said negative outcome indicating an unsuccessful transmission of said packet;

establishing an acknowledge (ACK) period in response to said initiating operation;

when an ACK signal from said other node is detected during said ACK period, communicating a positive outcome of said transmission of said packet to said router, said positive outcome indicating a successful transmission of said packet; and

when said ACK period expires without detection of said ACK signal, communicating said negative outcome of said transmission of said packet to said router.

42. A system as claimed in claim 34 wherein said processor performs further operations comprising:

receiving a transmission power level in association with said packet; and

initiating said transmission of said packet at said transmission power level.

43. A computer readable medium having stored thereon executable code for causing a processor of a node in a wireless network to carry out a method of controlling access to a transmission medium, wherein the node includes a router, a transceiver, a plurality of antennas, and a switch for selectively interconnecting one of said plurality of antennas with said transceiver, and the method comprises:

a) configuring said node to transmit a packet over said transmission medium, by;

obtaining said packet from said router, said packet including a destination identifier;

selecting said one of said plurality of antennas in response to said destination identifier to be said transmitting antenna;

activating said switch to interconnect said transceiver and said transmitting antenna;

performing carrier sensing on said transmitting antenna to determine whether said transmission medium is free in a beam direction of said transmitting antenna; and

transmitting said packet from said transmitting antenna over said transmission medium when said transmission medium is free; and

b) configuring said node to receive a second packet at a second antenna over said communication medium, by;

placing said node in an idle state following said transmitting operation;

receiving a data structure from said second node when said node is in said idle state;

receiving said second packet from said second node in response to said data structure; and

delivering said second packet to said router.

44. A computer-readable storage medium as claimed in claim 43 wherein said plurality of antennas includes an omnidirectional antenna and directional antennas, said transmitting antenna is one of said directional antennas, and said executable code causes said processor to switch from said transmitting antenna to said omnidirectional antenna to place said node in said idle state.

45. A computer-readable storage medium as claimed in claim 44 wherein said executable code causes said processor to perform further operations comprising:

determining that said data structure is said second packet; and

receiving said second packet at said omnidirectional antenna.

46. A computer-readable storage medium as claimed in claim 44 wherein said executable code causes said processor to perform further operations comprising:

determining that said data structure includes a source identifier and a transmission request;

selecting, in response to said source identifier, another of said directional antennas to be a receiving antenna;

activating said switching system to switch from said omnidirectional antenna to said receiving antenna, said second packet being received at said receiving antenna.

47. A computer-readable storage medium as claimed in claim 46 wherein said executable code causes said processor to perform further operations comprising:

determining that said data structure further includes an acknowledge (ACK) request;

sending a transmission authorization signal from said receiving antenna over said transmission medium; and

sending an ACK signal from said receiving antenna over said transmission medium following receipt of said second packet.

48. A computer-readable storage medium as claimed in claim 44 wherein said executable code causes said processor to perform further operations comprising:

determining that said data structure includes a source identifier and an acknowledge (ACK) request;

selecting, in response to said source identifier, another of said directional antennas to be a receiving antenna;

activating said switching system to switch from said omnidirectional antenna to said receiving antenna, said second packet being received at said receiving antenna; and

sending an ACK signal over said transmission medium from said receiving antenna following receipt of said second packet.

49. A computer readable medium having stored thereon executable code for causing a processor of a node in a wireless network to carry out a method of controlling access to a transmission medium, wherein the node includes a router, a transceiver, a plurality of antennas, and a switch for selectively interconnecting one of said plurality of antennas with said transceiver, and the method comprises:

obtaining a packet from said router for transmission over said transmission medium, said packet including a destination identifier;

selecting said one of said plurality of antennas in response to said destination identifier to be said transmitting antenna;

activating said switch to interconnect said transceiver and said transmitting antenna;

performing carrier sensing on said transmitting antenna to determine whether said transmission medium is free in a beam direction of said transmitting antenna;

when said transmission medium is busy, said executable code further causes said processor to perform operations comprising;

establishing a first forced idle period for a force idle state in response to a determination that said transmission medium is busy; and

placing said node in said forced idle state for said first forced idle period; and

when said transmission medium is free, said executable code further causes said processor to perform operations comprising;

transmitting said packet from said transmitting antenna over said transmission medium;

when an outcome of said transmitting operation is a successful transmission of said packet, said executable code further causes said processor to establish a second forced idle period for said forced idle state and place said node in said forced idle state for said second forced idle period; and

when an outcome of said transmitting operation is an unsuccessful transmission of said packet, said executable code further causes said processor to establish a third forced idle period for said forced idle state and place said node in said forced idle state for said third forced idle period.

50. A computer-readable storage medium as claimed in claim 49 wherein said executable code causes said processor to perform further operations comprising:

receiving an acknowledgment (ACK) request in association with said packet; and

computing said third forced idle period in response to a failure to detect an ACK signal from a receiving node of said other nodes, said failure to detect said ACK signal indicating said unsuccessful transmission of said packet.

51. A computer-readable storage medium as claimed in claim 49 wherein said executable code causes said processor to perform further operations comprising:

receiving a clear-to-send (CTS) request in association with said packet; and

computing said third forced idle period in response to a failure to detect a CTS signal from a receiving node of said other nodes, said failure to detect said CTS signal indicating said unsuccessful transmission of said packet.