Determination of variable code rates for a rate control sequence

• US 7,321,633 B1
• Filed: 01/08/2003
• Issued: 01/22/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 05/31/2002
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Broadcom Corporation (Broadcom, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Broadcom Corporation (Broadcom, Inc.)
• Inventors: Shen, Ba-Zhong, Tran, Hau Thien, Cameron, Kelly Brian
• Primary Examiner(s): Tran; Khai
• Application Number:
  US10/338,432
• Time in Patent Office: 1,840 Days
• Field of Search: 375/265, 375/279, 714/719, 714/755, 714/792
• US Class Current: 375/265
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0009 by adapting the channel coding H04L1/1812 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0041 Arrangements at the transmitter end
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/005 Iterative decoding, including iteration between signal detection and decoding operation
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/006 Trellis-coded modulation
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0066 Parallel concatenated codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0068 by puncturing
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2001/0098 Unequal error protection
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/0008 arrangements for allowing a transmitter or receiver to use more than one type of modulation negotiating modulation type for two-way transmission paths H04L5/1453

Abstract

Determination of variable code rates for a rate control sequence. A rate control sequence governs symbols that are to be encoded and/or decoded. A different rate control value may be used to control code rates of individual symbols in a signal. The determination of the variable code rates may be performed based on a number of parameters including a communication system'"'"'s operating conditions and/or the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of a communication channel. The variable code rates may also adaptively change, in real time (if desired), in response to the communication system'"'"'s operating conditions including a communication channel'"'"'s SNR. The variable code rate functionality may also be adaptively tailored to match the SNR of a communication receiver'"'"'s communication channel within a multi-receiver communication system; those receivers in a beam spot (higher SNR) may operate using a higher code rate than those receivers further away from the spot (lower SNR).

Claims

1. An encoder, comprising:

a constituent trellis encoder that receives a plurality of input bits; and

a rate control sequencer operably coupled to the constituent trellis encoder that selects a first rate control sequence from a plurality of rate control sequences based on at least one of a bandwidth requirement of a communication channel and a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the communication channel; and

wherein;

the constituent trellis encoder encodes at least some of the plurality of input bits, according to the first rate control sequence, to generate a plurality of encoded symbols;

a first rate control of the first rate control sequence directs a first encoded symbol of the plurality of encoded symbols to be symbol mapped to a first constellation having a corresponding first mapping;

a second rate control of the first rate control sequence directs a second encoded symbol of the plurality of encoded symbols to be symbol mapped to a second constellation having a corresponding second mapping;

the plurality of encoded symbols is provided to the communication channel; and

based upon a change in at least one of the bandwidth requirement and the SNR, the rate control sequencer selects a second rate control sequence from the plurality of rate control sequences for use in place of the first rate control sequence during subsequent encoding of at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits.

2. The encoder of claim 1, wherein:

the rate control sequencer selects a third rate control sequence from the plurality of rate control sequences based on at least one of at least one additional bandwidth requirement of at least one additional communication channel and at least one additional SNR of the at least one additional communication channel;

the constituent trellis encoder encodes at least some of the plurality of input bits, according to the third rate control sequence, to generate at least one additional plurality of encoded symbols; and

the at least one additional plurality of encoded symbols is provided to the at least one additional communication channel.

3. The encoder of claim 2, wherein at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence is predetermined.

4. The encoder of claim 2, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects at least one of the first rate control sequence and the third rate control sequence based on both the bandwidth requirement of the communication channel and the at least one additional bandwidth requirement of the at least one additional communication channel.

5. The encoder of claim 2, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects at least one of the first rate control sequence and the third rate control sequence based on both the SNR of the communication channel and the at least one additional SNR of the communication channel.

6. The encoder of claim 2, wherein:

at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence includes a plurality of rate controls arranged in a period;

each rate control of the plurality of rate controls has a modulation selected from a plurality of modulations;

each modulation of the plurality of modulations has a constellation, a mapping, and a bandwidth efficiency; and

each encoded symbol of at least one of the plurality of encoded symbols and the at least one additional plurality of encoded symbols is encoded according to at least one rate control of the plurality of rate controls.

7. The encoder of claim 1, wherein the communication channel is a satellite communication channel.

8. The encoder of claim 1, wherein the communication channel is an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) communication channel.

9. The encoder of claim 1, wherein:

the encoder is included within a transmitter;

the transmitter communicatively couples to a receiver via the communication channel; and

the receiver directs the rate control sequencer to adaptively select the first rate control sequence based on the first SNR.

10. The encoder of claim 1, wherein the encoder is contained within at least one of a satellite communication system, a high definition television (HDTV) communication system, a cellular communication system, a microwave communication system, a point-to-point radio communication system, and a turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM) communication system.

11. An encoder, comprising:

a constituent trellis encoder that receives a plurality of input bits;

a rate control sequencer operably coupled to the constituent trellis encoder that selects a first rate control sequence from a plurality of rate control sequences based on at least one of a first bandwidth requirement of a first communication channel and a first Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the first communication channel;

wherein the rate control sequencer selects a second rate control sequence from the plurality of rate control sequences based on at least one of a second bandwidth requirement of a second communication channel and a second SNR of the second communication channel;

wherein the constituent trellis encoder encodes at least some of the plurality of input bits, according to the first rate control sequence, to generate a first plurality of encoded symbols;

wherein the constituent trellis encoder encodes at least some of the plurality of input bits, according to the second rate control sequence, to generate a second plurality of encoded symbols;

wherein the first plurality of encoded symbols is provided to the first communication channel;

wherein the second plurality of encoded symbols is provided to the second communication channel; and

wherein, based upon a change in at least one of the first bandwidth requirement, the first SNR, the second bandwidth requirement, and the second SNR, the rate control sequencer is operable to select a third rate control sequence from the plurality of rate control sequences for use in place of at least one of the first rate control sequence and the second rate control sequence during subsequent encoding of at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits.

12. The encoder of claim 11, wherein at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence is predetermined.

13. The encoder of claim 11, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects the first rate control sequence based on both the first bandwidth requirement of the first communication channel and the second bandwidth requirement of the second communication channel.

14. The encoder of claim 11, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects the first rate control sequence based on both the first SNR of the first communication channel and the second SNR of the second communication channel.

15. The encoder of claim 11, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects the first rate control sequence based on the first bandwidth requirement and the first SNR of the first communication channel and the second bandwidth requirement and the second SNR of the second communication channel.

16. The encoder of claim 11, wherein:

at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence includes a plurality of rate controls arranged in a period;

each rate control of the plurality of rate controls has a modulation selected from a plurality of modulations;

each modulation of the plurality of modulations has a constellation, a mapping, and a bandwidth efficiency; and

each encoded symbol of at least one of the first plurality of encoded symbols and the second plurality of encoded symbols is encoded according to at least one rate control of the plurality of rate controls.

17. The encoder of claim 16, wherein:

at least one modulation of the plurality of modulations is at least one of 8 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation, 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), and 16 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) modulation; and

at least one modulation of the plurality of modulations may be mapped according to at least two mappings.

18. The encoder of claim 11, wherein:

the second plurality of encoded symbols is also provided to the first communication channel; and

at least one of the first communication channel and the second communication channel is a satellite communication channel.

19. The encoder of claim 11, wherein:

the constituent trellis encoder encodes at least some of the plurality of input bits to generate a first plurality of encoded bits and a second plurality of encoded bits;

the constituent trellis encoder selects at least two encoded bits of the first plurality of encoded bits to form the first encoded symbol;

the constituent trellis encoder selects at least two encoded bits of the first plurality of encoded bits to form a third encoded symbol; and

the constituent trellis encoder selects at least two encoded bits of the second plurality of encoded bits to form the second encoded symbol.

20. The encoder of claim 11, wherein:

the encoder is included within a transmitter;

the transmitter communicatively couples to a receiver via the first communication channel; and

the receiver directs the rate control sequencer to adaptively select the first rate control sequence based on at least one of the first bandwidth requirement and the first SNR.

21. The encoder of claim 11, wherein:

the encoder is included within a transmitter;

the transmitter communicatively couples to a receiver via the first communication channel; and

the transmitter and the receiver operate cooperatively to direct the rate control sequencer to adaptively select the first rate control sequence based on at least one of the first bandwidth requirement and the first SNR.

22. The encoder of claim 11, wherein:

the constituent trellis encoder is a systematic encoder; and

at least one encoded symbol of at least one of the first plurality of encoded symbols and the second plurality of encoded symbols includes at least one redundancy bit and at least one input bit of the plurality of input bits.

23. The encoder of claim 11, wherein the constituent trellis encoder is a non-systematic encoder.

24. The encoder of claim 23, wherein:

the non-systematic encoder is a rate 2/5 non-systematic encoder; and

the rate 2/5 non-systematic encoder includes a rate 1/2 recursive convolutional encoder.

25. The encoder of claim 11, wherein:

the encoder generates output; and

the output includes the first plurality of encoded symbols, the second plurality of encoded symbols, and at least one uncoded bit.

26. The encoder of claim 11, wherein at least one of the first communication channel and the second communication channel is an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) communication channel.

27. The encoder of claim 11, wherein the encoded symbols of at least one of the first plurality of encoded symbols and the second plurality of encoded symbols are arranged in a frame.

28. The encoder of claim 11, wherein:

the plurality of input bits are provided serially to the constituent trellis encoder; and

a predetermined number of input bits of the plurality of input bits are grouped to form an input symbol.

29. The encoder of claim 11, wherein:

the plurality of input bits are provided serially to the constituent trellis encoder; and

two consecutive input bits of the plurality of input bits, that are provided serially to the constituent trellis encoder, form an input symbol.

30. The encoder of claim 11, wherein the encoder is contained within at least one of a satellite communication system, a high definition television (HDTV) communication system, a cellular communication system, a microwave communication system, a point-to-point radio communication system, and a turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM) communication system.

38. The encoder of claim 21, wherein:

the second plurality of encoded symbols is also provided to the first communication channel; and

at least one of the first communication channel and the second communication channel is a satellite communication channel.

31. An encoder, comprising:

a constituent trellis encoder that receives a plurality of input bits;

a rate control sequencer operably coupled to the constituent trellis encoder that selects a first rate control sequence from a plurality of rate control sequences based on at least one of a first bandwidth requirement of a first communication channel and a first Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the first communication channel;

wherein the rate control sequence selects a second rate control sequence from the plurality of rate control sequences based on at least one of a second bandwidth requirement of a second communication channel and a second SNR of the second communication channel;

wherein the constituent trellis encoder encodes at least some of the plurality of input bits, according to the first rate control sequence, to generate a first plurality of encoded bits;

wherein the constituent trellis encoder encodes at least some of the plurality of input bits, according to the second rate control sequence, to generate a second plurality of encoded bits;

a puncturing functional block punctures the first plurality of encoded bits to produce a first encoded symbol;

wherein the puncturing functional block punctures the second plurality of encoded bits to produce a second encoded symbol;

wherein a first plurality of encoded symbols, that includes the first encoded symbol, is provided to the first communication channel;

wherein a second plurality of encoded symbols, that includes the second encoded symbol, is provided to the second communication channel; and

wherein, based upon a change in at least one of the first bandwidth requirement, the first SNR, the second bandwidth requirement, and the second SNR, the rate control sequencer is operable to select a third rate control sequence from the plurality of rate control sequences for use in place of at least one of the first rate control sequence and the second rate control sequence during subsequent encoding of at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits.

32. The encoder of claim 31, wherein at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence is predetermined.

33. The encoder of claim 31, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects the first rate control sequence based on the first bandwidth requirement of the first communication channel and the second bandwidth requirement of the second communication channel.

34. The encoder of claim 31, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects the first rate control sequence based on the first SNR of the first communication channel and the second SNR of the second communication channel.

35. The encoder of claim 31, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects the first rate control sequence based on the first bandwidth requirement and the first SNR of the first communication channel and the second bandwidth requirement and the second SNR of the second communication channel.

36. The encoder of claim 31, wherein:

at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence includes a plurality of rate controls arranged in a period;

each rate control of the plurality of rate controls has a modulation selected from a plurality of modulations;

each modulation of the plurality of modulations has a constellation, a mapping, and a bandwidth efficiency; and

each encoded symbol of at least one of the first plurality of encoded symbols and the second plurality of encoded symbols is encoded according to at least one rate control of the plurality of rate controls.

37. The encoder of claim 36, wherein:

at least one modulation of the plurality of modulations is at least one of 8 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation, 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), and 16 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) modulation; and

at least one modulation of the plurality of modulations may be mapped according to at least two mappings.

39. The encoder of claim 31, wherein:

the puncturing functional block selects at least two encoded bits of the first plurality of encoded bits to form the first encoded symbol;

the puncturing functional block selects at least two encoded bits of the first plurality of encoded bits to form a third encoded symbol; and

the puncturing functional block selects at least two encoded bits of the second plurality of encoded bits to form the second encoded symbol.

40. The encoder of claim 31, wherein:

the encoder is included within a transmitter;

the transmitter communicatively couples to a receiver via the first communication channel; and

the receiver directs the rate control sequencer to adaptively select the first rate control sequence based on the first SNR.

41. The encoder of claim 31, wherein:

the encoder is included within a transmitter;

the transmitter communicatively couples to a receiver via the first communication channel; and

the transmitter and the receiver operate cooperatively to direct the rate control sequencer to adaptively select the first rate control sequence based on at least one of the first bandwidth requirement and the first SNR.

42. The encoder of claim 31, wherein:

the constituent trellis encoder is a systematic encoder; and

at least one encoded symbol of at least one of the first plurality of encoded symbols and the second plurality of encoded symbols includes at least one redundancy bit and at least one input bit of the plurality of input bits.

43. The encoder of claim 31, wherein the constituent trellis encoder is a non-systematic encoder.

44. The encoder of claim 43, wherein:

the non-systematic encoder is a rate 2/5 non-systematic encoder; and

the rate 2/5 non-systematic encoder includes a rate 1/2 recursive convolutional encoder.

45. The encoder of claim 31, wherein:

the encoder generates output; and

the output includes the first plurality of encoded symbols, the second plurality of encoded symbols, and at least one uncoded bit.

46. The encoder of claim 31, wherein at least one of the first communication channel and the second communication channel is an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) communication channel.

47. The encoder of claim 31, wherein the encoded symbols of at least one of the first plurality of encoded symbols and the second plurality of encoded symbols are arranged in a frame.

48. The encoder of claim 31, wherein:

the plurality of input bits are provided serially to the constituent trellis encoder; and

a predetermined number of input bits of the plurality of input bits are grouped to form an input symbol.

49. The encoder of claim 31, wherein:

the plurality of input bits are provided serially to the constituent trellis encoder; and

two consecutive input bits of the plurality of input bits, that are provided serially to the constituent trellis encoder, form an input symbol.

50. The encoder of claim 31, wherein the encoder is contained within at least one of a satellite communication system, a high definition television (HDTV) communication system, a cellular communication system, a microwave communication system, a point-to-point radio communication system, and a turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM) communication system.

51. An encoder, comprising:

a rate control sequencer that selects a first rate control sequence from a plurality of rate control sequences based on at least one of a bandwidth requirement of a communication channel and a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the communication channel;

a top interleaver operably coupled to interleave at least some input bits of a plurality of input bits;

a top constituent trellis encoder, communicatively coupled to the top interleaver and operable to receive interleaved bits there from, that is operable to encode at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits that have been interleaved by the top interleaver;

a bottom interleaver that is also operably coupled to interleave at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits;

a bottom constituent trellis encoder, communicatively coupled to the bottom interleaver and operable to receive interleaved bits there from, that is operable to encode at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits that have been interleaved by the bottom interleaver;

a multiplexor (MUX) that alternatively selects encoded bits that are output from the top constituent trellis encoder and the bottom constituent trellis encoder to produce a plurality of multiplexed bits;

a puncturing functional block punctures the plurality of multiplexed bits according to the first rate control sequence to produce an encoded symbol;

wherein a plurality of encoded symbols, that includes the encoded symbol, is provided to the communication channel having the SNR; and

wherein, based upon a change in at least one of the bandwidth requirement and the SNR, the rate control sequencer is operable to select a second rate control sequence from the plurality of rate control sequences for use in place of the rate control sequence during subsequent encoding of at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits.

52. The encoder of claim 51, wherein at least one of the first rate control sequence and the second rate control sequence is predetermined.

53. The encoder of claim 51, wherein:

at least one of the first rate control sequence and the second rate control sequence includes a plurality of rate controls arranged in a period;

each rate control of the plurality of rate controls has a modulation selected from a plurality of modulations;

each modulation of the plurality of modulations has a constellation, a mapping, and a bandwidth efficiency; and

each encoded symbol of at least one symbol of the plurality of encoded symbols is encoded according to at least one rate control of the plurality of rate controls.

54. The encoder of claim 53, wherein:

at least one modulation of the plurality of modulations is at least one of 8 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation, 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), and 16 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) modulation; and

at least one modulation of the plurality of modulations may be mapped according to at least two mappings.

55. The encoder of claim 51, wherein:

the second plurality of encoded symbols is also provided to the communication channel having the bandwidth requirement and the SNR; and

the communication channel is a satellite communication channel.

56. The encoder of claim 51, wherein:

the encoder is included within a transmitter;

the transmitter communicatively couples to a receiver via the first communication channel; and

the receiver directs the rate control sequencer to adaptively select the first rate control sequence based on at least one of the bandwidth requirement and the SNR.

57. The encoder of claim 51, wherein:

the encoder is included within a transmitter;

the transmitter communicatively couples to a receiver via the first communication channel; and

the transmitter and the receiver operate cooperatively to direct the rate control sequencer to adaptively select the first rate control sequence based on at least one of the first bandwidth requirement and the first SNR.

58. The encoder of claim 51, wherein:

the encoder generates output; and

the output includes the plurality of encoded symbols and at least one uncoded bit.

59. The encoder of claim 51, wherein the encoded symbols of the plurality of encoded symbols are arranged in a frame.

60. The encoder of claim 51, wherein:

the plurality of input bits are provided serially to the top interleaver and to the bottom interleaver; and

a predetermined number of input bits of the plurality of input bits are grouped to form an input symbol.

61. The encoder of claim 51, wherein the encoder is contained within at least one of a satellite communication system, a high definition television (HDTV) communication system, a cellular communication system, a microwave communication system, a point-to-point radio communication system, and a turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM) communication system.

62. An encoder, comprising:

a rate control sequencer that selects a first rate control sequence from a plurality of rate control sequences based on at least one of a first bandwidth requirement of a first communication channel and a first Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the first communication channel;

wherein the rate control sequencer selects a second rate control sequence from the plurality of rate control sequences based on at least one of a second bandwidth requirement of a second communication channel and a second SNR of the second communication channel;

a top interleaver operably coupled to interleave at least some input bits of a plurality of input bits;

a top constituent trellis encoder, communicatively coupled to the top interleaver and operable to receive interleaved bits there from, that is operable to encode at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits that have been interleaved by the top interleaver;

a bottom interleaver that is also operably coupled to interleave at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits;

a bottom constituent trellis encoder, communicatively coupled to the bottom interleaver and operable to receive interleaved bits there from, that is operable to encode at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits that have been interleaved by the bottom interleaver;

a multiplexor (MUX) that alternatively selects encoded bits that are output from the top constituent trellis encoder and the bottom constituent trellis encoder to produce a first plurality of multiplexed bits and a second plurality of multiplexed bits;

a puncturing functional block punctures the first plurality of multiplexed bits to produce a first encoded symbol according to the first rate control sequence;

wherein the puncturing functional block punctures the second plurality of multiplexed bits to produce a second encoded symbol according to the second rate control sequence; and

wherein a first plurality of encoded symbols, that includes the first encoded symbol, is provided to the first communication channel;

wherein a second plurality of encoded symbols, that includes the second encoded symbol, is provided to the second communication channel; and

wherein, based upon a change in at least one of the first bandwidth requirement, the first SNR, the second bandwidth requirement, and the second SNR, the rate control sequencer is operable to select a third rate control sequence from the plurality of rate control sequences for use in place of at least one of the first rate control sequence and the second rate control sequence during subsequent encoding of at least some input bits of the plurality of input bits.

63. The encoder of claim 62, wherein at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence is predetermined.

64. The encoder of claim 62, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence based on both the first bandwidth requirement and the second bandwidth requirement.

65. The encoder of claim 62, wherein the rate control sequencer adaptively selects at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence based on both the first SNR and the second SNR.

66. The encoder of claim 62, wherein:

at least one of the first rate control sequence, the second rate control sequence, and the third rate control sequence includes a plurality of rate controls arranged in a period;

each rate control of the plurality of rate controls has a modulation selected from a plurality of modulations;

each modulation of the plurality of modulations has a constellation, a mapping, and a bandwidth efficiency; and

each encoded symbol of at least one symbol of the first plurality of encoded symbols and the second plurality of encoded symbols is encoded according to at least one rate control of the plurality of rate controls.

67. The encoder of claim 66, wherein:

at least one modulation of the plurality of modulations is at least one of 8 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation, 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), and 16 Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) modulation; and

at least one modulation of the plurality of modulations may be mapped according to at least two mappings.

68. The encoder of claim 62, wherein:

the second plurality of encoded symbols is also provided to the first communication channel; and

at least one of the first communication channel and the second communication channel is a satellite communication channel.

69. The encoder of claim 62, wherein:

the puncturing functional block selects at least two encoded bits of the first plurality of multiplexed bits to form the first encoded symbol; and

the puncturing functional block selects at least two encoded bits of the first plurality of multiplexed bits to form a third encoded symbol.

70. The encoder of claim 62, wherein:

the encoder is included within a transmitter;

the transmitter communicatively couples to a receiver via the first communication channel; and

the receiver directs the rate control sequencer to adaptively select the first rate control sequence based on at least one of the first bandwidth requirement and the first SNR.

71. The encoder of claim 62, wherein:

the encoder is included within a transmitter;

the transmitter communicatively couples to a receiver via the first communication channel; and

the transmitter and the receiver operate cooperatively to direct the rate control sequencer to adaptively select the first rate control sequence based on at least one of the first bandwidth requirement and the first SNR.

72. The encoder of claim 62, wherein:

the encoder generates output; and

the output includes the first plurality of encoded symbols, the second plurality of encoded symbols, and at least one uncoded bit.

73. The encoder of claim 62, wherein the encoded symbols of at least one of the first plurality of encoded symbols and the second plurality of encoded symbols are arranged in a frame.

74. The encoder of claim 62, wherein:

the plurality of input bits are provided serially to the top interleaver and to the bottom interleaver; and

a predetermined number of input bits of the plurality of input bits are grouped to form an input symbol.

75. The encoder of claim 62, wherein the encoder is contained within at least one of a satellite communication system, a high definition television (HDTV) communication system, a cellular communication system, a microwave communication system, a point-to-point radio communication system, and a turbo trellis coded modulation (TTCM) communication system.