Methods for detection of genetic disorders

• US 7,332,277 B2
• Filed: 09/11/2003
• Issued: 02/19/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 03/01/2002
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Ravgen, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Ravgen, Inc.
• Inventors: Dhallan, Ravinder S.
• Primary Examiner(s): WHISENANT, ETHAN C
• Application Number:
  US10/661,165
• Publication Number:
  US 20040137470A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,622 Days
• Field of Search: 435/6, 536/22.1, 536/23.1, 536/24.3, 536/25.4
• US Class Current: 435/6.16
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/6806 Preparing nucleic acids for analysis, e.g. for polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay C12Q1/6804 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/683 involving restriction enzymes, e.g. restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP]
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/6858 Allele-specific amplification
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 1/6869 Methods for sequencing
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2521/313 Type II endonucleases, i.e. cutting outside recognition site
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2525/131 incorporating a restriction site
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2527/125 Specific component of sample, medium or buffer
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2531/113 PCR
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2533/101 Primer extension
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2535/125 Allele specific primer extension
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2545/114 involving a quantitation step
• CPC Class Codes: C12Q 2600/156 Polymorphic or mutational markers

Abstract

The invention provides a method useful for detection of genetic disorders. The method comprises determining the sequence of alleles of a locus of interest, and quantitating a ratio for the alleles at the locus of interest, wherein the ratio indicates the presence or absence of a chromosomal abnormality. The present invention also provides a non-invasive method for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus. The invention is especially useful as a non-invasive method for determining the sequence of fetal DNA. The invention further provides methods of isolation of free DNA from a sample.

Claims

1. A method for detecting the presence or absence of a fetal chromosomal abnormality, said method comprising:

quantitating a ratio of the relative amount of alleles at a heterozygous locus of interest in a mixture of template DNA, wherein said mixture comprises maternal DNA and fetal DNA, and wherein said mixture of maternal DNA and fetal DNA has been obtained from a sample from a pregnant female, and further wherein said heterozygous locus of interest has been identified by determining the sequence of alleles at the locus of interest, and wherein said ratio indicates the presence or absence of a fetal chromosomal abnormality.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said template DNA is obtained from a source selected from the group consisting of human, non-human, mammal, reptile, cattle, cat, dog, goat, swine, pig, monkey, ape, gorilla, bull, cow, bear, horse, sheep, poultry, mouse, rat, fish, dolphin, whale, and shark.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the template DNA is obtained from a human source.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the template DNA is obtained from a sample selected from the group consisting of:

a blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine, tear, vaginal secretion, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, mucosa secretion, peritoneal fluid, ascitic fluid, fecal matter, and body exudates.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein alleles of multiple loci of interest are sequenced and their relative amounts quantitated and expressed as a ratio.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein said multiple loci of interest are on multiple chromosomes.

7. The method of claim 3, wherein template DNA from said human pregnant female is obtained from a sample selected from the group consisting of:

blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine, tear, vaginal secretion, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, mucosa secretion, peritoneal fluid, ascitic fluid, fecal matter, and body exudate.

8. The method of claim 4, wherein said sample is mixed with an agent that inhibits cell lysis to inhibit the lysis of cells, if cells are present, wherein the agent is selected from the group consisting of membrane stabilizer, cross-linker, and cell lysis inhibitor.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein said agent is a cell lysis inhibitor.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein said cell lysis inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde, derivatives of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, formalin, and derivatives of formaldehyde.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein said sample is blood.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein said blood is obtained from a human pregnant female when the fetus is at a gestational age selected from the group consisting of:

0-4, 4-8, 8-12, 12-16, 16-20, 20-24, 24-28, 28-32, 32-36, 36-40, 40-44, 44-48, 48-52, and more than 52 weeks.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein said template DNA is obtained from plasma from said blood.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein said template DNA is obtained from serum from said blood.

15. The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein prior to determining the sequence of alleles of a locus of interest from template DNA, maternal DNA is sequenced to identify a homozygous locus of interest, and further wherein said homozygous locus of interest is the locus of interest analyzed in the template DNA.

16. The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein prior to determining the sequence of alleles of a locus of interest from template DNA, maternal DNA is sequenced to identify a heterozygous locus of interest, and further wherein said heterozygous locus of interest is the locus of interest analyzed in the template DNA.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the sequence of the alleles comprises:

(a) amplifying alleles of a locus of interest on a template DNA using a first and a second primer, wherein the second primer contains a recognition site for a restriction enzyme such that digestion with the restriction enzyme generates a 5′

overhang containing the locus of interest;

(b) digesting the amplified DNA with the restriction enzyme that recognizes the recognition site on the second primer;

(c) incorporating a nucleotide into the digested DNA of (b) by using the 5′

overhang containing the locus of interest as a template; and

(d) determining the sequence of the alleles of the locus of interest by determining the sequence of the DNA of (c).

18. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the sequence of alleles comprises:

(a) amplifying alleles of a locus of interest on a template DNA using a first and second primers, wherein the second primer contains a recognition site for a restriction enzyme such that digestion with the restriction enzyme generates a 5′

overhang containing the locus of interest;

(b) digesting the amplified DNA with the restriction enzyme that recognizes the recognition site on the second primer;

(c) incorporating nucleotides into the digested DNA of (b), wherein;

(i) a nucleotide that terminates elongation, and is complementary to an allele of the locus of interest is incorporated into the 5′

overhang of said allele, and

(ii) a nucleotide complementary to a different allele of the locus of interest is incorporated into the 5′

overhang of said different allele, and said terminating nucleotide, which is complementary to a nucleotide in the 5′

overhang of said different allele, is incorporated into the 5′

overhang of said different allele,

(d) determining the sequence of the alleles of a locus of interest by determining the sequence of the DNA of (c).

19. The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c) is by a DNA polymerase selected from the group consisting of E. coli DNA polymerase, Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I, T7 DNA polymerase, T4 DNA polymerase, Taq polymerase, Pfu DNA polymerase, Vent DNA polymerase and sequenase.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c) comprises incorporation of a labeled nucleotide.

21. The method of claim 17, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c) comprises incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide.

22. The method of claim 17, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c) further-comprises incorporation of a deoxynucleotide and a dideoxynucleotide.

23. The method of claim 17, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c) further comprises using a mixture of labeled and unlabeled nucleotides.

24. The method of claim 20, wherein the labeled nucleotide is labeled with a molecule selected from the group consisting of radioactive molecule, fluorescent molecule, antibody, antibody fragment, hapten, carbohydrate, biotin, derivative of biotin, phosphorescent moiety, luminescent moiety, electrochemiluminescent moiety, chromatic moiety, and moiety having a detectable electron spin resonance, electrical capacitance, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the labeled nucleotide is labeled with a fluorescent molecule.

26. The method of claim 18, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c)(i) comprises incorporation of a labeled nucleotide.

27. The method of claim 18, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c)(i) comprises incorporation of a dideoxynucleotide.

28. The method of claim 18, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c)(i) further comprises incorporation of a deoxynucleotide and a dideoxynucleotide.

29. The method of claim 18, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c)(i) further comprises using a mixture of labeled and unlabeled nucleotides.

30. The method of claim 18, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c)(ii) comprises incorporation of a labeled nucleotide.

31. The method of claim 18, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c)(ii) comprises incorporation of a deoxynucleotide.

32. The method of claim 18, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c)(ii) further comprises incorporation of a deoxynucleotide and a dideoxynucleotide.

33. The method of claim 18, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c)(ii) further comprises using a mixture of labeled and unlabeled nucleotides.

34. The method of claim 26, wherein the labeled nucleotide is a dideoxynucleotide.

35. The method of claim 26, wherein the labeled nucleotide is labeled with a molecule selected from the group consisting of radioactive molecule, fluorescent molecule, antibody, antibody fragment, hapten, carbohydrate, biotin, derivative of biotin, phosphorescent moiety, luminescent moiety, electrochemiluminescent moiety, chromatic moiety, and moiety having a detectable electron spin resonance, electrical capacitance, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the labeled nucleotide is labeled with a fluorescent molecule.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein the incorporation of a nucleotide in (c)(i) further comprises incorporation of an unlabeled nucleotide.

38. The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein the determination of the sequence of the locus of interest in (d) comprises detecting a nucleotide.

39. The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein said first and second primers contain a portion of a restriction enzyme recognition site that contains a variable nucleotide, wherein the full restriction enzyme recognition site is generated after amplification.

40. The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein the restriction enzyme recognition site is for a restriction enzyme selected from the group consisting of BsaJ I, Bssk I, Dde I, EcoN I, Fnu4H I, Hinf I, and ScrF I.

41. The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein the restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a distance from the recognition site.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the recognition site is for a Type IIS restriction enzyme.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the Type IIS restriction enzyme is selected from the group consisting of:

Alw I, Alw26 I, Bbs I, Bbv I, BceA I, Bmr I, Bsa I, Bst71 I, BsmA I, BsmB I, BsmF I, BspM I, Ear I, Fau I, Fok I, Hga I, Ple I, Sap I, SSfaN I, and Sthi32 I.

44. The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein said method of amplification is selected from the group consisting of:

polymerase chain reaction, self-sustained sequence reaction, ligase chain reaction, rapid amplification of cDNA ends, polymerase chain reaction and ligase chain reaction, Q-beta phage amplification, strand displacement amplification, and splice overlap extension polymerase chain reaction.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein said method of amplification is PCR.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein an annealing temperature for cycle 1 of PCR is about the melting temperature of the portion of the 3′

region of the second primer that anneals to the template DNA.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein an annealing temperature for cycle 2 of PCR is about the melting temperature of the portion of the 3′

region of the first primer that anneals to the template DNA.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein an annealing temperature for the remaining cycles of PCR is at about the melting temperature of the entire second primer.

49. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the sequence comprises a method selected from the group consisting of:

allele specific PCR, mass spectrometry, hybridization, primer extension, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), sequencing, Sanger dideoxy sequencing, DNA microarray, southern blot, slot blot, dot blot, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

50. The method of claim 1, wherein said ratio for alleles at heterozygous loci of interest on a chromosome are summed and compared to the ratio for alleles at heterozygous loci of interest on a different chromosome, wherein a difference in ratios indicates the presence of a chromosomal abnormality.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the chromosomes that are compared are human chromosomes selected from the group consisting of:

chromosome 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, X, and Y.

52. The method of claim 50, wherein the ratio for the alleles at heterozygous loci of interest of chromosomes 13, 18, and 21 are compared.

53. The method of claim 1, wherein said locus of interest is a single nucleotide polymorphism.

54. The method of claim 1, wherein said locus of interest is a mutation.

97. The method of claim 1, wherein said sequence is determined by a method comprising:

(1) amplification of the locus of interest;

(2) exonuclease treatment of the products of (1);

(3) single stranded DNA of (2) is annealed to an oligonucleotide to form an annealed template and primer;

(4) incorporation of a nucleotide using the annealed template and primer of (3);

(5) detection of the incorporated nucleotide.

99. The method of claim 97 or 98, wherein the amplification method is selected from the group consisting of:

polymerase chain reaction, self-sustained sequence reaction, ligase chain reaction, rapid amplification of cDNA ends, polymerase chain reaction and ligase chain reaction, Q-beta phage amplification, strand displacement amplification, and splice overlap extension polymerase chain reaction.

100. The method of claim 99, wherein said method of amplification is by PCR.

101. The method of claim 97 or 98, wherein said primer hybridizes adjacent to the locus of interest.

102. The method of claim 97 or 98, wherein said incorporated nucleotide is a dideoxynucleotide or deoxynucleotide.

103. The method of claim 97 or 98, wherein said incorporation reaction comprises two terminating nucleotides and two non-terminating nucleotides.

104. The method of claim 102, wherein said incorporated nucleotide is labeled with a molecule selected from the group consisting of radioactive molecule, fluorescent molecule, antibody, antibody fragment, hapten, carbohydrate, biotin, derivative of biotin, phosphorescent moiety, luminescent moiety, electrochemiluminescent moiety, chromatic moiety, and moiety having a detectable electron spin resonance, electrical capacitance, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity.

105. The method of claim 103, wherein said terminating nucleotides are labeled with a molecule selected from the group consisting of radioactive molecule, fluorescent molecule, antibody, antibody fragment, hapten, carbohydrate, biotin, derivative of biotin, phosphorescent moiety, luminescent moiety, electrochemiluminescent moiety, chromatic moiety, and moiety having a detectable electron spin resonance, electrical capacitance, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity.

106. The method of claim 104, wherein the labeled nucleotide is labeled with a fluorescent molecule.

107. The method of claim 105, wherein the terminating nucleotides are labeled with a fluorescent molecule.

108. The method of claim 1, wherein said sequence is determined by a method comprising:

(1) amplification of the locus of interest, wherein the amplification reaction comprises a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a probe that anneals to the locus of interest, which is within the region of the amplicon; and

(2) detection of the PCR products, wherein the amount of PCR product is used to determine the presence or absence of a specific genetic sequence.

110. The method of claim 108 or 109, wherein the amplification is by PCR.

111. The method of claim 108 or 109, wherein the probe contains a reporter dye at the 5′

end and the 3′

end contains a quenching dye.

112. The method of claim 97 or 108, wherein an agent that inhibits cell lysis is added to the sample to inhibit the lysis of cells, if present, and wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of membrane stabilizer, cross-linker, and cell lysis inhibitor.

113. The method of claim 112, wherein said agent is a cell lysis inhibitor.

114. The method of claim 113, wherein said cell lysis inhibitor is formalin at a percentage selected from the group consisting of:

0.0001-0.03%, 0.03-0.05%, 0.05-0.08%, 0.08-0.1%, 0.1-0.3%, 0.3-0.5%, 0.5-0.7%, 0.7-0.9%, 0.9-1.2%, 1.2-1.5%, 1.5-2%, and 2-3%.

115. The method of claim 114, wherein the concentration of formalin in the sample is 0.1%.

117. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample is selected from the group consisting of:

blood, serum, plasma, urine, and vaginal secretion.

118. The method of claim 117, wherein the sample is blood.

119. The method of claim 118, wherein the template DNA is obtained from plasma from said blood.

120. The method of claim 118, wherein the template DNA is obtained from serum from said blood.

121. The method of claim 7, wherein template DNA from said human pregnant female is obtained from a sample selected from the group consisting of:

blood, serum, plasma, urine, and vaginal secretion.

122. The method of claim 121, wherein the sample is blood.

123. The method of claim 122, wherein the template DNA is obtained from plasma from said blood.

124. The method of claim 122, wherein the template DNA is obtained from serum from said blood.

125. The method of claim 10, wherein said cell lysis inhibitor is selected from glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and formalin.

139. The method of claim 1 or 116, wherein said mixture comprises at least about 15% fetal DNA.

140. The method of claim 1 or 116, wherein said mixture comprises a maximum of about 98-99% fetal DNA.

55. A method comprising determining the sequence of a locus of interest on free fetal DNA isolated from a sample obtained from a pregnant female, wherein said sample comprises free fetal DNA and an agent that inhibits lysis of cells, if cells are present, wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of membrane stabilizer, cross-linker, and cell lysis inhibitor.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein said sample is selected from the group consisting of:

blood, serum, plasma, urine, and vaginal secretion.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein said sample is blood.

58. The method of claim 55, wherein said sample comprises free maternal template DNA and free fetal template DNA.

59. The method of claim 55, wherein said agent is a cell lysis inhibitor.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein said cell lysis inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of:

glutaraldehyde, derivatives of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, derivatives of formaldehyde, and formalin.

61. The method of claim 55, wherein prior to determining the sequence, template DNA is isolated.

62. The method of claim 57, wherein said template DNA is obtained from plasma of said blood.

63. The method of claim 57, wherein said template DNA is obtained from serum of said blood.

64. The method of claim 55, wherein prior to determining the sequence of the locus of interest on fetal DNA, the sequence of the locus of interest on maternal template DNA is determined.

65. The method of claim 55, wherein prior to determining the sequence of the locus of interest on fetal DNA, the sequence of the locus of interest on paternal template DNA is determined.

66. The method of claim 55, wherein said locus of interest is a single nucleotide polymorphism.

67. The method of claim 55, wherein said locus of interest is a mutation.

68. The method of claim 55, wherein the sequence of multiple loci of interest is determined.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein the multiple loci of interest are on multiple chromosomes.

70. The method of claim 55, wherein determining the sequence comprises:

(a) amplifying a locus of interest on a template DNA using a first and second primers, wherein the second primer contains a recognition site for a restriction enzyme such that digestion with the restriction enzyme generates a 5′

overhang containing the locus of interest;

(b) digesting the amplified DNA with the restriction enzyme that recognizes the recognition site on the second primer;

(c) incorporating a nucleotide into the digested DNA of (b) by using the 5′

overhang containing the locus of interest as a template; and

(d) determining the sequence of the locus of interest by determining the sequence of the DNA of (c).

71. The method of claim 55, wherein determining the sequence comprises:

(a) amplifying alleles of a locus of interest on a template DNA using a first and second primers, wherein the second primer contains a recognition site for a restriction enzyme such that digestion with the restriction enzyme generates a 5′

overhang containing the locus of interest;

(b) digesting the amplified DNA with the restriction enzyme that recognizes the recognition site on the second primer;

(c) incorporating nucleotides into the digested DNA of (b), wherein;

(i) a nucleotide that terminates elongation, and is complementary to the locus of interest of an allele, is incorporated into the 5′

overhang of said allele, and

(ii) a nucleotide complementary to the locus of interest of a different allele is incorporated into the 5′

overhang of said different allele, and said terminating nucleotide, which is complementary to a nucleotide in the 5′

overhang of said different allele, is incorporated into the 5′

overhang of said different allele,

(d) determining the sequence of the alleles of a locus of interest by determining the sequence of the DNA of (c).

72. The method of claim 70 or 71, wherein the restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a distance from the recognition site.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein the recognition site is for a Type IIS restriction enzyme.

74. The method of claim 73, wherein the Type IIS restriction enzyme is selected from the group consisting of:

Alw I, Alw26 I, Bbs I, Bbv I, BceA I, Bmr I, Bsa I, Bst71 I, BsmA I, BsmB I, BsmF I, BspM I, Ear I, Fau I, Fok I, Hga I, Ple I, Sap I, SSfaN I, and Sthi32 I.

75. The method of claim 70 or 71, wherein said method of amplification is selected from the group consisting of:

polymerase chain reaction, self-sustained sequence reaction, ligase chain reaction, rapid amplification of cDNA ends, polymerase chain reaction and ligase chain reaction, Q-beta phage amplification, strand displacement amplification, and splice overlap extension polymerase chain reaction.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein said method of amplification is by PCR.

77. The method of claim 76, wherein an annealing temperature for cycle 1 of PCR is about the melting temperature of the second primer 3′

region that anneals to the template DNA.

78. The method of claim 77, wherein an annealing temperature for cycle 2 of PCR is about the melting temperature of the first primer 3′

region that anneals to the template DNA.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein an annealing temperature for the remaining cycles of PCR is at about the melting temperature of the entire second primer.

80. The method of claim 55, wherein the sequence of a locus of interest is determined using a method selected from the group consisting of:

allele specific PCR, mass spectrometry, hybridization, primer extension, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence detection, sequencing, Sanger dideoxy sequencing, DNA microarray, southern blot, slot blot, dot blot, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

98. The method of claim 55, wherein said sequence is determined by a method comprising:

(1) amplification of the locus of interest;

(2) exonuclease treatment of the products of (1);

(3) single stranded DNA of (2) is annealed to an oligonucleotide to form an annealed template and primer;

(4) incorporation of a nucleotide using the annealed template and primer of (3);

(5) detection of the incorporated nucleotide.

109. The method of claim 55, wherein said sequence is determined by a method comprising:

(1) amplification of the locus of interest, wherein the amplification reaction comprises a forward primer, a reverse primer, and a probe that anneals to the locus of interest, which is within the region of the amplicon; and

(2) detection of the PCR products, wherein the amount of PCR product is used to determine the presence or absence of a specific genetic sequence.

126. The method of claim 55, wherein the sample was obtained from a pregnant female.

127. The method of claim 126, wherein the pregnant female is human.

128. The method of claim 127, wherein said sample is selected from the group consisting of:

blood, serum, plasma, urine, and vaginal secretion.

129. The method of claim 128, wherein said sample is blood.

130. The method of claim 129, wherein the free fetal DNA is obtained from plasma from said blood.

131. The method of claim 129, wherein the free fetal DNA is obtained from serum from said blood.

132. The method of claim 60, wherein said cell lysis inhibitor is selected from glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and formalin.

138. The method of claim 98 or 109, wherein said agent is a cell lysis inhibitor.

81. A method for preparing a sample for analysis comprising isolating free fetal nucleic acid from a the sample, wherein said sample comprises an agent that inhibits lysis of cells, if cells are present, and wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of membrane stabilizer, cross-linker, and cell lysis inhibitor.

82. The method of claim 81, wherein said sample is obtained from a source selected from the group consisting of human, non-human, mammal, reptile, cattle, cat, dog, goat, swine, pig, monkey, ape, gorilla, bull, cow, bear, horse, sheep, poultry, mouse, rat, fish, dolphin, whale, and shark.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein the sample is obtained from a human source.

84. The method of claim 81, wherein the sample is obtained from a source selected from the group consisting of blood, serum, plasma, saliva, urine, tear, vaginal secretion, lymph fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, mucosa secretion, peritoneal fluid, ascitic fluid, fecal matter, and body exudates.

85. The method of claim 84, wherein said sample is blood.

86. The method of claim 85, wherein said blood is from a pregnant female.

87. The method of claim 86, wherein said blood is obtained from a human pregnant female when the fetus is at a gestational age selected from the group consisting of:

0-4, 4-8, 8-12, 12-16, 16-20, 20-24, 24-28, 28-32, 32-36, 36-40, 40-44, 44-48, 48-52, and more than 52 weeks.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein said sample is obtained from plasma from said blood.

89. The method of claim 81, wherein said agent is a cell lysis inhibitor.

90. The method of claim 81, wherein said cell lysis inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde, derivatives of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, formalin, and derivatives of formaldehyde.

91. The method of claim 90, wherein said cell lysis inhibitor is formalin.

92. The method of claim 91, wherein the final concentration of formalin in the sample is selected from the group consisting of:

0.0001-0.03%, 0.03-0.05%, 0.05-0.08%, 0.08-0.1%, 0.1-0.3%, 0.3-0.5%, 0.5-0.7%, 0.7-0.9%, 0.9-1.2%, 1.2-1.5%, 1.5-2%, and 2-3%.

93. The method of claim 92, wherein the final concentration of formalin in the sample is 0.1%.

94. The method of claim 81, wherein isolation of nucleic acid comprises a centrifugation step.

95. The method of claim 94, wherein the centrifugation step is performed with the centrifuge braking power set to zero.

96. The method of claim 94, wherein the centrifugation step is performed at a speed selected from the group consisting of 0-50 rpm, 50-100 rpm, 100-200 rpm, 200-300 rpm, 300-400 rpm, 400-500 rpm, 500-600 rpm, 600-700 rpm, 700-800 rpm, 800-900 rpm, 900-1000 rpm, 1000-2000 rpm, 2000-3000 rpm, 3000-4000 rpm, 4000-5000 rpm, 5000-6000 rpm, 6000-7000 rpm, 7000-8000 rpm, and greater than 8000 rpm.

133. The method of claim 90, wherein said cell lysis inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and formalin.

116. A method for detecting the presence or absence of a fetal chromosomal abnormality, said method comprising:

(a) determining the sequence of alleles of a locus of interest from template DNA, wherein the template DNA comprises a mixture of fetal DNA and maternal DNA, and wherein the template DNA is from a sample from a pregnant female,

(b) quantitating a ratio of the relative amount of the alleles in the mixture of fetal DNA and maternal DNA at a heterozygous locus of interest in the mixture that was identified by step (a), and wherein said ratio indicates the presence or absence of a fetal chromosomal abnormality.

134. The method of claim 116, wherein the sample is selected from the group consisting of:

blood, serum, plasma, urine, and vaginal secretion.

135. The method of claim 134, wherein the sample is blood.

136. The method of claim 135, wherein the template DNA is obtained from serum from a blood sample from said female.

137. The method of claim 135, wherein the template DNA is obtained from plasma from a blood sample from said female.