Power amplifier linearization methods and apparatus using predistortion in the frequency domain

• US 7,336,716 B2
• Filed: 06/30/2004
• Issued: 02/26/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 06/30/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Inventors: Maltsev, Alexander A., Poldin, Oleg V., Purtsezov, Sergey, Sadri, Ali S
• Primary Examiner(s): VO, DON NGUYEN
• Application Number:
  US10/881,731
• Publication Number:
  US 20060008028A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,336 Days
• Field of Search: 375/260, 375/296, 375/297, 455/126
• US Class Current: 375/260
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 1/3247 using feedback acting on predistortion circuits H03F1/3264 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 1/3258 based on polynomial terms
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 1/3294 Acting on the real and imaginary components of the input signal
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2200/207 A hybrid coupler being used as power measuring circuit at the output of an amplifier circuit
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2200/321 Use of a microprocessor in an amplifier circuit or its control circuit
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 3/24 of transmitter output stages
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2602 Signal structure
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2626 Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/368 adaptive predistortion

Abstract

To mitigate the effects of non-linear amplification in a digital transmission system employing a multi-carrier multiplexing communications technique, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing or discrete multi-tone, predistortion of an input signal to a power amplifier with a non-linear transfer characteristic is performed in the frequency domain by modifying frequency-domain symbols used to modulate individual sub-carriers. The frequency-domain symbols are modified in a manner that compensates for the amplifier'"'"'s non-linear transfer characteristic.

Claims

1. A method comprising:

predistorting an input signal to a power amplifier generating a non-linear output, the predistortion being performed in the frequency domain by modifying frequency-domain symbols used to modulate individual sub-carriers of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed signal;

wherein modifying the frequency-domain symbols comprises replacing one or more frequency-domain symbols with frequency-domain predistortion symbols.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the input signal comprises a plurality of complex numbers each representing a constellation point corresponding to a respective sub-carrier, and wherein predistorting comprises:

performing a polynomial approximation of an inverse function of an amplitude transfer characteristic of the power amplifier.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

inverse-discrete-Fourier transforming the frequency-domain symbols to generate samples of a time-domain waveform representing a sum of orthogonal carrier waveforms.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein each carrier waveform is modulated by a frequency-domain symbol.

5. A method comprising:

encoding a stream of input bits into a plurality of frequency-domain symbols, wherein each symbol comprises a complex number representing a plurality of the input bits;

transforming a block of the frequency-domain symbols into a time domain to generate samples of a time-domain waveform representing a sum of orthogonal carrier waveforms, with each carrier waveform being modulated by a frequency-domain symbol;

converting the time-domain waveform samples into an analog waveform to drive a power amplifier in order to transmit the analog waveform over a communications channel;

predistorting the time-domain waveform samples by modifying the frequency-domain symbols before transformation into the time domain; and

modifying the frequency-domain symbols by replacing one or more frequency-domain symbols with frequency-domain predistortion symbols.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein predistorting is performed in a manner that compensates for a non-linear transfer characteristic of the power amplifier.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the predistortion symbols comprise complex numbers that predistort both the amplitude and phase of the frequency-domain symbols.

8. The method of claim 7 further comprising modifying the frequency-domain symbols by deriving the frequency-domain predistortion symbols in accordance with a frequency-domain convolution performed on the frequency-domain symbols.

9. The method of claim 8 further comprising performing the frequency-domain convolution by an inverse-discrete-Fourier transform, multiplication of the time-domain signal, and a discrete Fourier transform.

10. The method of claim 9 further comprising performing the multiplication of the time-domain signal by indexing into a look-up table, where the look-up table contains products of the multiplication indexed by values of the time-domain signal.

11. The method of claim 5 further comprising predistorting the time-domain waveform samples by adding frequency-domain symbols additional to those generated by encoding the stream of input bits.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the additional frequency-domain symbols compensate for out-of-band frequency components generated by the non-linear transfer characteristic of the power amplifier.

13. The method of claim 5, wherein the frequency-domain symbols correspond to constellation points of a quadrature-amplitude modulation system.

14. The method of claim 5, wherein the frequency-domain symbols correspond to constellation points of a quadrature phase-shift keying modulation system.

15. The method of claim 5, wherein the frequency-domain symbols correspond to constellation points of a binary phase-shift keying modulation system.

16. The method of claim 5 further comprising modifying the frequency-domain symbols in accordance with a polynomial approximation of a function inverse to the non-linear transfer characteristic of the power amplifier.

17. The method of claim 16 further comprising updating the polynomial approximation by comparing an input and an output of the power amplifier.

18. The method of claim 17 further comprising updating the polynomial approximation by optimizing the coefficients of the polynomial approximation in order to minimize a selected criterion.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the minimized criterion comprises a mean-square difference between an ideally amplified input signal and an output of the power amplifier.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the minimized criterion comprises a mean-square difference between a sample of the time-domain waveform and a corresponding digitized sample of the output of the power amplifier.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the minimized criterion comprises a mean-square difference between a frequency-domain symbol and a corresponding symbol recovered from the output signal of the power amplifier.

22. A system comprising:

a power amplifier to be responsive to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed input signal and to generate an output signal having a non-linear transfer characteristic;

circuitry to produce predistortion of the input signal, the predistortion being performed in the frequency domain by modifying frequency-domain symbols used to modulate individual sub-carriers of the input signal; and

an omnidirectional antenna coupled to the power amplifier to receive the output signal;

wherein modifying the frequency-domain symbols comprises replacing one or more frequency-domain symbols with frequency-domain predistortion symbols.

23. The system of claim 22, wherein the circuitry predistorts the input signal in a manner that compensates for the non-linear transfer characteristic of the power amplifier.

24. The system of claim 22, wherein the apparatus comprises one of a base station, cellular telephone, personal computer, personal digital assistant, and entertainment device.

25. A system comprising:

a modulator to encode a stream of input bits into a plurality of frequency-domain symbols, wherein each symbol comprises a complex number representing a plurality of the input bits;

an inverse-discrete-Fourier transformer to process a block of the frequency-domain symbols to generate samples of a time-domain waveform representing a sum of orthogonal carrier waveforms, with each carrier waveform being modulated by a frequency-domain symbol;

a digital-to-analog converter to convert the time-domain waveform samples into an analog waveform;

a power amplifier to transmit the analog waveform over a communications channel; and

a predistorter to modify the frequency-domain symbols before inverse-discrete-Fourier transformation in a manner that compensates for a non-linear transfer characteristic of the power amplifier, wherein the predistorter is to modify the frequency-domain symbols by replacing one or more frequency-domain symbols with frequency-domain predistortion symbols.

26. The system of claim 25, wherein the predistortion symbols comprise complex numbers that predistort both the amplitude and phase of the frequency-domain symbols.

27. The system of claim 26, wherein the predistorter is to modify the frequency-domain symbols by deriving the frequency-domain predistortion symbols in accordance with a frequency-domain convolution performed on the frequency-domain symbols.

28. The system of claim 27, wherein the predistorter is to perform the frequency-domain convolution by an inverse-discrete-Fourier transform, multiplication of the time-domain signal, and a discrete Fourier transform.

29. The system of claim 28, wherein the predistorter is to perform the multiplication of the time-domain signal by indexing into a look-up table, where the look-up table contains products of the multiplication indexed by values of the time-domain signal.

30. The system of claim 27, wherein the predistorter is to add frequency-domain symbols additional to those generated by encoding the stream of input bits.

31. The system of claim 30, wherein the additional frequency-domain symbols compensate for out-of-band frequency components generated by the non-linear transfer characteristic of the power amplifier.

32. The system of claim 27, wherein the predistorter is to modify the frequency-domain symbols in accordance with a polynomial approximation of a function inverse to the non-linear transfer characteristic of the power amplifier.

33. The system of claim 32 further comprising a polynomial approximation module to update the polynomial approximation by comparing an input and an output of the power amplifier.

34. The system of claim 33, wherein the polynomial approximation module is to update the polynomial approximation by optimizing the coefficients of the polynomial approximation in order to minimize a selected criterion.

35. The system of claim 34, wherein the minimized criterion comprises a mean-square difference between an ideally amplified input signal and an output of the power amplifier.

36. The system of claim 34, wherein the minimized criterion comprises a mean-square difference between a sample of the time-domain waveform and a corresponding digitized sample of the output of the power amplifier.

37. The system of claim 34, wherein the minimized criterion comprises the mean-square difference between a frequency-domain symbol and a corresponding symbol recovered from the output signal of the power amplifier.

38. An article comprising a machine-accessible medium having associated information, wherein the information, when accessed, results in the machine performing:

encoding a stream of input bits into a plurality of frequency-domain symbols, wherein each symbol comprises a complex number representing a plurality of the input bits;

inverse-discrete-Fourier transforming a block of the frequency-domain symbols to generate samples of a time-domain waveform representing a sum of orthogonal carrier waveforms, with each carrier waveform being modulated by a frequency-domain symbol; and

predistorting the time-domain samples by modifying the frequency-domain symbols before inverse-discrete-Fourier transformation in a manner that compensates for a non-linear transfer characteristic of a power amplifier;

wherein modifying the frequency-domain symbols comprises replacing one or more frequency-domain symbols with frequency-domain predistortion symbols.

39. The machine-accessible medium of claim 38, wherein the predistortion symbols comprise complex numbers that predistort both the amplitude and phase of the frequency-domain symbols.

40. The machine-accessible medium of claim 39, wherein the machine-accessible medium further includes information, which when accessed by the machine, results in the machine performing:

modifying the frequency-domain symbols by deriving the frequency-domain predistortion symbols in accordance with a frequency-domain convolution performed on the frequency-domain symbols.

41. The machine-accessible medium of claim 40, wherein the machine-accessible medium further includes information, which when accessed by the machine, results in the machine performing:

performing the frequency-domain convolution by an inverse-discrete-Fourier transform, multiplication of the time-domain signal, and discrete Fourier transform.

42. A method comprising:

predistorting an input signal to a power amplifier generating a non-linear output, the predistortion being performed in the frequency domain by modifying frequency-domain symbols used to modulate individual sub-carriers of a multi-carrier wireless communications channel;

wherein modifying the frequency-domain symbols comprises replacing one or more frequency-domain symbols with frequency-domain predistortion symbols.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the input signal comprises a plurality of complex numbers each representing a constellation point corresponding to a respective sub-carrier, and wherein predistorting comprises:

performing a polynomial approximation of an inverse function of an amplitude transfer characteristic of the power amplifier.

44. The method of claim 42, further comprising:

inverse-discrete-Fourier transforming the frequency-domain symbols to generate samples of a time-domain waveform representing a sum of orthogonal carrier waveforms.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein each carrier waveform is modulated by a frequency-domain symbol.

46. The method of claim 42, wherein the multi-carrier wireless communications channel is one of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing channel and a discrete multi-tone channel.