Differential reflection spectroscopy system and method for detecting explosives and other target materials

• US 7,368,292 B2
• Filed: 04/11/2006
• Issued: 05/06/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 03/10/2006
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: University of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated (State University System of Florida)
• Original Assignee: University of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated (State University System of Florida)
• Inventors: Schollhorn, Claus, Fuller, Ann Marie, Hummel, Rolf E., Holloway, Paul H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Soderquist; Arlen
• Application Number:
  US11/401,791
• Publication Number:
  US 20070212791A1
• Time in Patent Office: 756 Days
• Field of Search: 250/372, 356/51, 356/217, 356/303, 356/319, 356/323, 356/326, 356/331, 356/447, 422/82.05, 422/82.09, 436/107, 436/110, 436/171, 436/183
• US Class Current: 436/171
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2001/022 sampling for security purposes, e.g. contraband, warfare agents
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/1793 Remote sensing
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/3133 with selection of wavelengths before the sample
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/31 Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry G01N21/72 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/33 using ultraviolet light G01N21/39 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/35 using infrared light G01N21/39 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/3563 for analysing solids; Preparation of samples therefor
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/55 Specular reflectivity
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 33/227 Explosives, e.g. combustive properties thereof detecting explosives in air G01N33/0057
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 436/170769 N-Nitroso containing [e.g., nitrosamine, etc.]
• CPC Class Codes: Y10T 436/173076 Nitrite or nitrate

Abstract

A system and method for identifying explosive or other target materials includes the steps of irradiating a first location and a second location spaced apart from the first location from a sample suspected of including explosives with ultraviolet, visible or infrared light, measuring reflected light emanated from the first sample location (R₁) and reflected light emanated from the second sample location (R₂), and calculating a normalized difference in reflectivity (ΔR/ R), wherein R=(R₁+R₂)/2 is an average reflectivity. A differential reflection spectrum (DRS) is then generated for the sample where ΔR=R₂−R₁ is the difference of the reflectivities of the first and the second sample location. One or more explosives if present are identified in the sample based on comparing the DRS for said sample to at least one reference DRS.

Claims

1. A method for identifying explosive materials, comprising the steps of:

irradiating a first location and a second location of a sample suspected of having one or more target materials deposited thereon with a broadband light source emitting light in the range of 200 nm to 500 nm, said second sample location spaced apart from said first sample location, wherein the target materials comprise one or more explosive comprising materials, exclusive of liquid solvents having one or more solutes comprising explosive materials;

measuring reflected light emanated from said first sample location (R₁) and reflected light emanated from said second sample location (R₂);

generating a differential reflection spectrum (DRS) for said sample by calculating a normalized difference in reflectivity of said first and said second sample locations (Δ

R/ R), wherein Δ

R=R₂-R₁ is the difference of the measured reflected light from said first and said second sample locations, and wherein R=(R₁+R₂) /2 is an average reflectivity of said sample; and

identifying said one or more explosives or other target materials if present on said sample based on comparing said generated DRS to at least one reference DRS for said one or more explosives or other target materials.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of preparing said sample by depositing thereon materials collected from a region of interest suspected of containing said explosives.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein said preparation step comprises air filtration by applying a vacuum.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said explosive materials include at least one nitro aromatic, nitroamine, nitroaniline, or nitrate.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said nitroaromatic is selected from the group consisting of 1,4-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene,2,6-dinitrotoluene 1,3-dinitrobenzene, 4-nitrotoluene, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein said nitroamine is selected from the group consisting of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX),said nitroaniline is 2,4,6,N-tetranitro-N-methylaniline (Tetryl), and said nitrate from the group consisting of nitroglycerin, ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).

7. The method of claim 1, wherein a spectrometer coupled to a charge coupled device (CCD) is used for said detection.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein said identifying comprises automated curve recognition.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least of said one or more explosives materials is identified if a shape of said generated DRS is within a deviation envelope for said at least one reference DRS.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein said shape comprises fitting a curve to said generated DRS.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising repeating the steps of irradiating, measuring, generating, and identifying for one or more other samples in an area of interest.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein said first location and said second locations on said sample are irradiated by moving a beam path of said emitted light and the sample relative to each other.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein said moving comprises using an oscillating mirror to deflect said beam path between said first location and said second sample location.

14. A system for identifying explosive materials, comprising:

a broadband light source emitting light in the range of 200 nm to 500 nm for irradiating a first location and a second location of a sample surface suspected of having one or more target materials deposited thereon, said second sample location spaced apart from said first sample location, wherein the target materials comprise one or more explosive comprising materials, exclusive of liquid solvents having one or more solutes comprising explosive materials;

a photodetector for measuring reflected light emanated from said first sample location (R₁) and reflected light emanated from said second sample location (R₂), and

a computer or processor having an associated memory coupled to said photodetector, said computer or processor running software for generating a differential reflection spectrum (DRS) for said sample by calculating a normalized difference in reflectivity (Δ

R/ R) of said first and said second sample locations, where Δ

R=R₂−

R₁ is the difference of the measured reflected light from said first and said second sample locations and R=(R₁+R₂)/2 is an average reflectivity of said sample, and for identifying said one or more explosives or other target material if present on said sample based on comparing said generated DRS to at least one reference DRS for said one or more explosives or other target materials stored in said memory.

15. The system of claim 14, further comprising an oscillating mirror for receiving light from said light source and alternately deflecting said light between said first and said second sample location.

16. The system of claim 14, further comprising a monochromator in optical alignment with light from said light source, computer or processor communicably connected to said monochromator, wherein said photodetector comprises a photomultiplier tube.

17. The system of claim 14, wherein said photodetector is a CCD.

18. The system of claim 14, wherein at least of said one or more explosive materials is identified if a shape of said generated DRS is within a deviation envelope for said at least one reference DRS.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein said computer or processor generates said shape by fitting a curve to said generated DRS.

20. The system of claim 14, wherein said computer generates said DRS in real-time.