Combined fuel cell aircraft auxiliary power unit and environmental control system

• US 7,380,749 B2
• Filed: 04/21/2005
• Issued: 06/03/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 04/21/2005
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: The Boeing Co.
• Original Assignee: The Boeing Co.
• Inventors: Daggett, David L., Fucke, Lars
• Primary Examiner(s): Mansen; Michael R.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Sanderson; Joseph W
• Application Number:
  US11/112,689
• Publication Number:
  US 20060237583A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,139 Days
• Field of Search: 244/58, 244/53.R, 244/118.5
• US Class Current: 244/58
• CPC Class Codes: B64D 13/06 the air being conditioned pressurising B64D13/02
• CPC Class Codes: B64D 2013/0611 combined with auxiliary power units (APU's)
• CPC Class Codes: B64D 2041/005 Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: B64D 41/00 Power installations for auxiliary purposes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2008/1293 Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2250/20 Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2250/407 Combination of fuel cells with mechanical energy generators
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04014 Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04111 using a compressor turbine assembly
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 50/40 Weight reduction
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 50/50 On board measures aiming to increase energy efficiency
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/40 Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y10S 429/901 Fuel cell including means for utilization of heat for unrelated application, e.g. heating a building

Abstract

Combined aircraft hybrid fuel cell auxiliary power unit and environmental control system and methods are disclosed. In one embodiment, an auxiliary power unit includes a fuel cell component which chemically converts combustible fuel into electrical energy. Unutilized fuel emitted by the fuel cell component is combusted by a burner to generate heated gas. The heated gas is received by and drives a turbine, which in turn drives a drive shaft. A compressor, coupled to the drive shaft, compresses a source of oxidizing gas for supplying compressed oxidizing gas to the fuel cell component and to an environmental control system. A heat exchanger controls the temperature of the pressurized air leaving the environmental control system to provide the cabin air supply. Finally, a generator is coupled to the drive shaft to be driven by the turbines to generate additional electrical energy.

Claims

1. A system for providing electrical power and a breathable airflow into a compartment, comprising:

a fuel cell component coupled to a fuel supply and to a first pressurized flow of air, the fuel cell component being configured to provide an electrical output and a combustible exhaust flow;

a burner coupled to receive the exhaust flow from the fuel cell component and disconnected from the fuel supply, the burner being configured to provide a hot gas outflow;

a turbine configured to be driven by the hot gas outflow from the burner; and

at least one compressor mechanically driven by the turbine, the at least one compressor being configured to receive an inflow of air and to provide the first pressurized flow of air to the fuel cell component and to provide a second pressurized flow of air, the second pressurized flow of air being suitable to provide the breathable airflow into the compartment, wherein the at least one compressor includes a first compressor configured to provide the second pressurized flow of air, and a second compressor configured to provide the first pressurized flow of air to the fuel cell component.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell component is configured to convert a portion of a combustible fuel into electrical energy, and emit a portion of the combustible fuel as unconsumed combustible exhaust.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the fuel cell component comprises a solid oxide fuel cell and the combustible fuel comprises jet fuel, and wherein the fuel cell component is further configured to emit a portion of the jet fuel as unconsumed combustible exhaust.

4. The system of claim 1, further comprising at least one heat exchanger configured to transfer heat from the hot gas outflow from the burner to the second pressurized flow of air.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein a portion of a pressurized airflow output by the first compressor is received by the second compressor.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell component includes a reformer configured to receive and convert combustible fuel into reactants, including at least one of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a recuperator coupled between the at least one compressor and the fuel cell component, the recuperator being configured to condition the first pressurized flow of air to reduce thermal gradients across the fuel cell component.

8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a condenser configured to recover water vapor generated by the fuel cell component.

9. The system of claim 8, further comprising a reformer coupled to the fuel cell component, and wherein the condenser is further configured to supply water vapor to the reformer.

10. The system of claim 1, further comprising a starter-generator operatively coupled to the turbine and configured to at least one of generate electrical energy and drive a drive shaft.

11. An aerospace vehicle, comprising:

a fuselage having an interior compartment and a storage portion configured to store a fuel supply;

a lift producing surface operatively coupled to the fuselage;

at least one engine operatively coupled to the fuselage; and

a hybrid system for providing an electrical output and a breathable airflow into the interior compartment, the system including;

a fuel cell component coupled to the fuel supply and to a first pressurized flow of air, the fuel cell component being configured to provide at least a portion of the electrical output and a combustible exhaust flow;

a burner coupled to receive the exhaust flow from the fuel cell component and disconnected from the fuel supply, the burner being configured to provide a hot gas outflow;

a turbine configured to be driven by the hot gas outflow from the burner; and

at least one compressor mechanically driven by the turbine, the at least one compressor being configured to receive an inflow of air and to provide the first pressurized flow of air to the fuel cell component and to provide a second pressurized flow of air, the second pressurized flow of air being suitable to provide at least part of the breathable airflow into the interior compartment; and

at least one heat exchanger configured to transfer heat from the hot gas outflow from the burner to the second pressurized flow of air.

12. The aerospace vehicle of claim 11, wherein the at least one compressor includes a first compressor configured to provide the second pressurized flow of air, and a second compressor configured to provide the first pressurized flow of air to the fuel cell component.

13. The aerospace vehicle of claim 11, wherein the fuel cell component includes a reformer configured to receive and convert combustible fuel into reactants, including at least one of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

14. The aerospace vehicle of claim 11, further comprising a recuperator coupled between the at least one compressor and the fuel cell component, the recuperator being configured to condition the first pressurized flow of air to reduce thermal gradients across the fuel cell component.