Method and apparatus for performing native binding to execute native code

• US 7,434,209 B2
• Filed: 12/29/2003
• Issued: 10/07/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 07/15/2003
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation
• Original Assignee: Transitive Limited (International Business Machines Corporation)
• Inventors: North, Geraint, Brown, Alex, Weigel, Frank Thomas, Knight, Gareth Anthony
• Primary Examiner(s): Zhen; Wei Y.
• Assistant Examiner(s): DENG, ANNA CHEN
• Application Number:
  US10/748,317
• Publication Number:
  US 20050015781A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,744 Days
• Field of Search: 717136-143, 717145-148, 717154-155
• US Class Current: 717/136
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/4486 Formation of subprogram jump address
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 9/45516 Runtime code conversion or optimisation

Abstract

A native binding technique is provided for inserting calls to native functions during translation of subject code to target code, such that function calls in the subject program to subject code functions are replaced in target code with calls to native equivalents of the same functions. Parameters of native function calls are transformed from target code representations to be consistent with native code representations, native code calling conventions, and native function prototypes.

Claims

1. A method of translating subject program code executable by a subject processor into target program code executable by a target processor, said method comprising:

dividing the subject program code into a plurality of subject program code units;

translating one or more of the subject program code units into one or more target program code units; and

executing the one or more target program code units on the target processor;

wherein the translating step includes identifying a subject function in the subject program code having a corresponding native function of native code, wherein the native code is code executable by the target processor, and identifying the native function of the native code which corresponds to the identified subject function; and

wherein the executing step includes executing the native function on the target processor instead of executing a translated version of the identified subject function, including transforming zero or more function parameters from a target code representation to a native code representation, invoking the native function with the transformed zero or more function parameters according to a prototype of the native function, and transforming zero or more return values of the invoked native function from a native code representation to a target code representation.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the transformations in the transforming steps generates an intermediate representation of the transformation.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the transformations in the transforming steps generates target code.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the native function executing step further comprises:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers according to a uniform call stub interface;

invoking from the native code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the native function executing step comprises:

transforming a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation;

invoking the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function; and

transforming a result of the invoked native function from a native code representation to a target code representation.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the function parameter transforming step and the native function invoking step are described in subject code by translator specific instructions added to the subject instruction set.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps of identifying the subject function and its corresponding native function are performed using a bind point description.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising inserting in the target code a call stub to the native function during translation of the subject code when encountering the subject function contained in the bind point description.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the bind point description is embedded within a translator performing the translation.

10. The method of claim 7, further comprising reading the bind point description from a stored bind point description file at the beginning of translation execution.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the bind point description includes a location in the subject code and a corresponding native function, wherein the location in the subject code identifies the subject function having a corresponding native function and the native function identifies the corresponding native function.

12. The method of claim 7, wherein the bind point description includes a location in the subject code and a reference to code to be invoked, wherein the location in the subject code identifies the subject function having a corresponding native function and the reference to code to be invoked identifies the corresponding native function.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the code to be invoked is target code.

14. The method of claim 7, wherein the bind point description includes a native function call which is inserted in the target code either before, after, or in place of a subject function call.

15. The method of claim 7, further performing runtime symbol patching comprising:

encoding subject-to-native function mappings in a symbol table of the subject program,

replacing entries in the symbol table of the subject program with special native binding markers, and

interpreting the special native binding markers when encountered during translation as bind point descriptions to identify an appropriate native function to call.

16. The method of claim 7, wherein the bind point description includes a correspondence to an external call command, wherein the external call command is a translator-specific native binding instruction, the method comprising:

when encountering a bind point description identifying an external call command during translation of the subject code, diverting the flow of translation to the execution of the external call command.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the external call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating an intermediate representation of the external call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the external call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating target code for the external call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

19. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

inserting external call commands into the subject code, wherein external call commands are translator-specific native binding instructions; and

detecting the external call commands during translation of the subject code.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:

when encountering the external call command during translation of the subject code, diverting the flow of translation to the execution of the external call command.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the external call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating an intermediate representation of the external call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the external call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating target code for the external call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

23. The method of claim 19, wherein the external call commands are variable length instructions including multiple sub-component instructions.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the multiple sub-component instructions include an Escape sub-component instruction, said external call commands detecting step further comprising detecting the Escape sub-component instruction.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein said Escape sub-component instruction further identifies a type of external call command represented by the other sub-component instructions of the external call command.

26. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

parsing and decoding a native binding implementation scripting language containing native binding scripts;

interpreting the native binding scripts during translation;

generating an intermediate representation of the native binding scripts to transform a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation.

27. The method of claim 26, further comprising:

integrating the intermediate representation of the native binding scripts into an intermediate representation forest for a block of subject code; and

generating target code for the intermediate representation forest.

28. The method of claim 1, further comprising;

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers according to a uniform call stub interface;

interpreting the native code call stub function; and

generating an intermediate representation of the native code call stub function binding scripts to transform a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation.

29. The method of claim 18, further comprising:

integrating the intermediate representation of the native code call stub function into an intermediate representation forest for a block of subject code; and

generating target code for the intermediate representation forest.

30. The method of claim 1, wherein the native function executing step further comprises:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers;

invoking from the native code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

31. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

parsing a scripting language implementation of a native code call stub function;

compiling the parsed native code call stub function into a native code executable module; and

linking the native code executable module with an executable for performing the translation.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the native code executable module is executable for:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers; and

invoking from the native code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

33. The method of claim 31, wherein the steps of identifying the subject function and its corresponding native function are performed using a bind point description, said bind point description including a subject function and a native code call stub function, wherein the subject function identifies the subject function having corresponding native function and the native code call stub function identifies the corresponding native function.

34. The method of claim 33, further comprising encoding the identity of the native function of the native code call stub function in the scripting language implementation of the native code executable module.

35. The method of claim 1, wherein the native function executing step further comprises:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a target code call stub function with the transformed subject registers;

invoking from the target code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

36. The method of claim 35, further comprising:

generating an intermediate representation of the native function executing step;

integrating the intermediate representation of the native function executing step into an intermediate representation forest for a block of subject code; and

generating target code for the intermediate representation forest.

37. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject function to be executed is a system call.

38. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject function to be executed is a library function.

39. A computer-readable storage medium having software resident thereon in the form of computer-readable code executable by a computer having a target processor to perform the steps of:

dividing a subject program in subject program code executable by a subject processor into a plurality of subject program code units;

translating one or more of the subject program code units into one or more target program code units of target program code; and

executing the one or more target program code units on the target processor;

wherein the translating step includes identifying a subject function in the subject program code having a corresponding native function of native code, wherein the native code is code executable by the target processor, and identifying the native function of the native code which corresponds to the identified subject function; and

wherein the executing step includes executing the native function on the target processor instead of executing a translated version of the identified subject function, including transforming zero or more function parameters from a target code representation to a native code representation, invoking the native function with the transformed zero or more function parameters according to a prototype of the native function, and transforming zero or more return values of the invoked native function from a native code representation to a target code representation.

40. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein at least one of the transformations in the transforming steps generates an intermediate representation of the transformation.

41. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein at least one of the transformations in the transforming steps generates target code.

42. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein the native function executing step further comprises:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers according to a uniform call stub interface;

invoking from the native code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

43. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein the native function executing step comprises:

transforming a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation;

invoking the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function; and

transforming a result of the invoked native function from a native code representation to a target code representation.

44. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein the function parameter transforming step and the native function invoking step are described in subject code by translator specific instructions added to the subject instruction set.

45. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein the steps of identifying the subject function and its corresponding native function are performed using a bind point description.

46. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for inserting in the target code a call stub to the native function during translation of the subject code when encountering the subject function contained in the bind point description.

47. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the bind point description is embedded within a translator performing the translation.

48. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for reading the bind point description from a stored bind point description file at the beginning of translation execution.

49. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the bind point description includes a location in the subject code and a corresponding native function, wherein the location in the subject code identifies the subject function having a corresponding native function and the native function identifies the corresponding native function.

50. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the bind point description includes a location in the subject code and a reference to code to be invoked, wherein the location in the subject code identifies the subject function having a corresponding native function and the reference to code to be invoked identifies the corresponding native function.

51. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 50, wherein the code to be invoked is target code.

52. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the bind point description includes a native function call which is inserted in the target code either before, after, or in place of a subject function call.

53. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for performing runtime symbol patching comprising:

encoding subject-to-native function mappings in a symbol table of the subject program,

replacing entries in the symbol table of the subject program with special native binding markers, and

interpreting the special native binding markers when encountered during translation as bind point descriptions to identify an appropriate native function to call.

54. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the bind point description includes a correspondence to an external call command, wherein the call command is a translator-specific native binding instruction, for:

when encountering a bind point description identifying an external call command during translation of the subject code, diverting the flow of translation to the execution of the external call command.

55. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 54, wherein the external call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating an intermediate representation of the external call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

56. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 54, wherein the external call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating target code for the external call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

57. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for performing the following steps:

inserting Schizo call commands into the subject code, wherein call commands are translator-specific native binding instructions; and

detecting the call commands during translation of the subject code.

58. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 57, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for performing the following steps:

when encountering a call command during translation of the subject code, diverting the flow of translation to the execution of the call command.

59. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 58, wherein the call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating an intermediate representation of the call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

60. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 58, wherein the call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the call command; and

generating target code for the call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function

61. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 57, wherein the call commands are variable length instructions including multiple sub-component instructions.

62. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 61, wherein the multiple sub-component instructions include a Escape sub-component instruction, said call commands detecting step further comprising detecting the Escape sub-component instruction.

63. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 62, wherein said Escape sub-component instruction further identifies a type of call command represented by the other sub-component instructions of the call command.

64. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for performing the following steps:

parsing and decoding a native binding implementation scripting language containing native binding scripts;

interpreting the native binding scripts during translation;

generating an intermediate representation of the native binding scripts to transform a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation.

65. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 64, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for performing the following steps:

integrating the intermediate representation of the native binding scripts into an intermediate representation forest for a block of subject code; and

generating target code for the intermediate representation forest.

66. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for performing the following steps:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers according to a uniform call stub interface;

interpreting the native code call stub function; and

generating an intermediate representation of the native code call stub function binding scripts to transform a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation.

67. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 56, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for performing the following steps:

integrating the intermediate representation of the native code call stub function into an intermediate representation forest for a block of subject code; and

generating target code for the intermediate representation forest.

68. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein the native function executing step further comprises:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers;

invoking from the native code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

69. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for performing the following steps:

parsing a scripting language implementation of a native code call stub function;

compiling the parsed native code call stub function into a native code executable module; and

linking the native code executable module with an executable for performing the translation.

70. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 69, wherein the native code executable module is executable for:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers; and

invoking from the native code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

71. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 69, wherein the steps of identifying the certain subject function and its corresponding native function are performed using a bind point description, said bind point description including a subject function and a native code call stub function, wherein the subject function identifies the subject function having a corresponding native function and the native code call stub function identifies the corresponding native function.

72. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 71, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for encoding the identity of the native function of the native code call stub function in the scripting language implementation of the native code executable module.

73. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein the native function executing step further comprises:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a target code call stub function with the transformed subject registers;

invoking from the target code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

74. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 73, wherein said computer readable code is further executable for performing the following steps:

generating an intermediate representation of the native function executing step;

integrating the intermediate representation of the native function executing step into an intermediate representation forest for a block of subject code; and

generating target code for the intermediate representation forest.

75. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein the subject function to be executed is a system call.

76. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein the subject function to be executed is a library function.

77. A computer apparatus, comprising:

a target processor; and

a memory containing translator code executed by the target processor to perform the steps of;

dividing a subject program in subject program code executable by a subject processor into a plurality of subject program code units;

translating one or more of the subject program code units into one or more target program code units of target program code; and

executing the one or more target program code units on the target processor;

wherein the translating step includes identifying a subject function in the subject program code having a corresponding native function of native code, wherein the native code is code executable by the target processor, and identifying the native function of the native code which corresponds to the identified subject function; and

wherein the executing step includes executing the native function on the target processor instead of executing a translated version of the identified subject function, including transforming zero or more function parameters from a target code representation to a native code representation, invoking the native function with the transformed zero or more function parameters according to a prototype of the native function, and transforming zero or more return values of the invoked native function from a native code representation to a target code representation.

78. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein at least one of the transformations in the transforming steps generates an intermediate representation of the transformation.

79. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein at least one of the transformations in the transforming steps generates target code.

80. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the native function executing step further comprises:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers according to a uniform call stub interface;

invoking from the native code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

81. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the native function executing step comprises:

transforming a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation;

invoking the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function; and

transforming a result of the invoked native function from a native code representation to a target code representation.

82. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the function parameter transforming step and the native function invoking step are described in subject code by translator specific instructions added to the subject instruction set.

83. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the steps of identifying the subject function and its corresponding native function are performed using a bind point description.

84. The apparatus of claim 83, said translator code further comprising code executable by target processor for inserting in the target code a call stub to the native function during translation of the subject code when encountering the subject function contained in the bind point description.

85. The apparatus of claim 83, wherein the bind point description is embedded within the translator code performing the translation.

86. The apparatus of claim 83, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for reading the bind point description from a stored bind point description file at the beginning of translation execution.

87. The apparatus of claim 83, wherein the bind point description includes a location in the subject code and a corresponding native function, wherein the location in the subject code identifies the subject function having a corresponding native function and the native function identifies the corresponding native function.

88. The apparatus of claim 83, wherein the bind point description includes a location in the subject code and a reference to code to be invoked, wherein the location in the subject code identifies the subject function having a corresponding native function and the reference to code to be invoked identifies the corresponding native function.

89. The apparatus of claim 88, wherein the code to be invoked is target code.

90. The apparatus of claim 83, wherein the bind point description includes a native function call which is inserted in the target code either before, after, or in place of a subject function call.

91. The apparatus of claim 83, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for performing runtime symbol patching comprising:

encoding subject-to-native function mappings in a symbol table of the subject program,

replacing entries in the symbol table of the subject program with special native binding markers, and

interpreting the special native binding markers when encountered during translation as bind point descriptions to identify an appropriate native function to call.

92. The apparatus of claim 83, wherein the bind point description includes a correspondence to an external call command, wherein the call command is a translator-specific native binding instruction, the method comprising:

when encountering a bind point description identifying an external call command during translation of the subject code, diverting the flow of translation to the execution of the external call command.

93. The apparatus of claim 92, wherein the external call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating an intermediate representation of the external call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

94. The apparatus of claim 92, wherein the external call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating target code for the external call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

95. The apparatus of claim 77, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for performing the following steps:

inserting call commands into the subject code, wherein call commands are translator-specific native binding instructions; and

detecting the call commands during translation of the subject code.

96. The apparatus of claim 95, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for performing the following steps:

when encountering a call command during translation of the subject code, diverting the flow of translation to the execution of the call command.

97. The apparatus of claim 96, wherein the call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the external call command; and

generating an intermediate representation of the call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

98. The apparatus of claim 96, wherein the call command execution step comprises:

interpreting the call command; and

generating target code for the call command which;

transforms a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation, and

invokes the native function with the transformed function parameter according to a prototype of the native function.

99. The apparatus of claim 95, wherein the call commands are variable length instructions including multiple sub-component instructions.

100. The apparatus of claim 99, wherein the multiple sub-component instructions include a Escape sub-component instruction, said call commands detecting step further comprising detecting the Escape sub-component instruction.

101. The apparatus of claim 100, wherein said Escape sub-component instruction further identifies a type of call command represented by the other sub-component instructions of the call command.

102. The apparatus of claim 77, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for performing the following steps:

parsing and decoding a native binding implementation scripting language containing native binding scripts;

interpreting the native binding scripts during translation;

generating an intermediate representation of the native binding scripts to transform a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation.

103. The apparatus of claim 102, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for performing the following steps:

integrating the intermediate representation of the native binding scripts into an intermediate representation forest for a block of subject code; and

generating target code for the intermediate representation forest.

104. The apparatus of claim 77, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for performing the following steps:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers according to a uniform call stub interface;

interpreting the native code call stub function; and

generating an intermediate representation of the native code call stub function binding scripts to transform a function parameter from a target code representation to a native code representation.

105. The apparatus of claim 94, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for performing the following steps:

integrating the intermediate representation of the native code call stub function into an intermediate representation forest for a block of subject code; and

generating target code for the intermediate representation forest.

106. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the native function executing step further comprises:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers;

invoking from the native code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

107. The apparatus of claim 77, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for performing the following steps:

parsing a scripting language implementation of a native code call stub function;

compiling the parsed native code call stub function into a native code executable module; and

linking the native code executable module with an executable for performing the translation.

108. The apparatus of claim 107, wherein the native code executable module is executable for:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a native code call stub function with the transformed subject registers; and

invoking from the native code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

109. The apparatus of claim 107, wherein the steps of identifying the subject function and its corresponding native function are performed using a bind point description, said bind point description including a subject function and a native code call stub function, wherein the subject function identifies the subject function having a corresponding native function and the native code call stub function identifies the corresponding native function.

110. The apparatus of claim 109, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for encoding the identity of the native function of the native code call stub function in the scripting language implementation of the native code executable module.

111. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the native function executing step further comprises:

transforming in target code all subject register values from the target code representation to the native code representation;

invoking from target code a target code call stub function with the transformed subject registers;

invoking from the target code call stub function the native function with particular subject registers and/or parameter stack according to the prototype of the native function.

112. The apparatus of claim 111, said translator code further comprising code executable by said target processor for performing the following steps:

generating an intermediate representation of the native function executing step;

integrating the intermediate representation of the native function executing step into an intermediate representation forest for a block of subject code; and

generating target code for the intermediate representation forest.

113. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the subject function to be executed is a system call.

114. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the subject function to be executed is a library function.