Method for extraction of hydrocarbon fuels or contaminants using electrical energy and critical fluids

• US 7,461,693 B2
• Filed: 12/20/2005
• Issued: 12/09/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 12/20/2005
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Schlumberger Technology Corporation (Schlumberger NV)
• Original Assignee: Schlumberger Technology Corporation (Schlumberger NV)
• Inventors: Cogliandro, Maureen P., Markiewicz, John P., Considine, Brian C., Moses, John M., Cogliandro, John A., Hannon, John R.
• Primary Examiner(s): Gay; Jennifer H.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Leonard; Kerry W.
• Application Number:
  US11/314,857
• Publication Number:
  US 20070137858A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,085 Days
• Field of Search: None
• US Class Current: 166/248
• CPC Class Codes: B08B 9/0933 Removing sludge or the like from tank bottoms
• CPC Class Codes: C10J 2200/152 Nozzles or lances for introducing gas, liquids or suspensions
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 36/04 using electrical heaters
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/2401 by means of electricity
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/241 combined with solution mining of non-hydrocarbon minerals, e.g. solvent pyrolysis of oil shale
• CPC Class Codes: E21B 43/243 Combustion in situ

Abstract

The extraction of hydrocarbon fuel products such as kerogen oil and gas from a body of fixed fossil fuels such as oil shale is accomplished by applying a combination of electrical energy and critical fluids with reactants and/or catalysts down a borehole to initiate a reaction of reactants in the critical fluids with kerogen in the oil shale thereby raising the temperatures to cause kerogen oil and gas products to be extracted as a vapor, liquid or dissolved in the critical fluids. The hydrocarbon fuel products of kerogen oil or shale oil and hydrocarbon gas are removed to the ground surface by a product return line. An RF generator provides electromagnetic energy, and the critical fluids include a combination of carbon dioxide (CO₂), with reactants of nitrous oxide (N₂O) or oxygen (O₂).

Claims

1. A method of producing hydrocarbon fuel products from a body of fixed fossil fuels beneath an overburden comprising the steps of:

(a) transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels to a first predetermined temperature;

(b) providing a critical fluid with reactants or catalysts down said borehole, including a mixture of carbon dioxide as said critical fluid having a concentration of 80-100% and an oxidant, said oxidant comprises a mixture of nitrous oxide (N₂O) having a concentration of 0 to 20% and oxygen (O₂) having a concentration of 0 to 20%, for diffusion into said body of fixed fossil fuels at a predetermined pressure;

(c) transmitting electrical energy down said borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels and critical fluid to a second predetermined temperature; and

(d) heating said critical fluid and said fixed fossil fuels with said electrical energy to said second predetermined temperature to initiate reaction of said reactants in said critical with a fraction of said hydrocarbon fuel products in said body of fixed fossil fuels causing a portion of the remainder of said hydrocarbon fuel products to be released for extraction as a vapor, liquid or dissolved in said critical fluid.

2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said method comprises the step of removing said hydrocarbon fuel products to a ground surface above said overburden.

3. The method as recited in claim 2 wherein said step of removing said hydrocarbon fuel products comprises the step of connecting a product return line to means for separating gases, carbon dioxide (CO₂), kerogen oil, and other byproducts.

4. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said method comprises the steps of pressure cycling in said borehole between 500 psi and 5000 psi and performing steps (b), (c) and (d) during each pressure cycling.

5. The method as recited in claim 4 wherein said method comprises the step of performing steps (b), (c) and (d) for N cycles.

6. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said method comprises the step of separating said hydrocarbon fuel, critical fluid, gases and contaminants received from a product return line.

7. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels includes the step of heating any one of a group consisting of said body of oil shale, tar sands, heavy petroleum from a spent well, coal, lignite and peat formation.

8. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels and said critical fluid to a said second predetermined temperature comprises the step of setting said temperature to approximately 200 degrees Celsius.

9. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said method comprises the step of monitoring said first predetermined temperature and said second predetermined temperature in an immediate region of said body of fixed fossil fuels to optimize producing said hydrocarbon fuel products, said second predetermined temperature being sufficient to initiate an oxidation reaction, said reaction providing additional heat required to efficiently release said hydrocarbon fuel products.

10. The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said step of monitoring said first predetermined temperature and said second predetermined temperature in the immediate region of said body of fixed fossil fuels being heated comprises the step of providing at least one thermocouple device in a distant region of said body of fixed fossil fuels, wherein said distant region is on the order of an RF wavelength lamda (λ

) divided by six (6).

11. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of providing a critical fluid down a borehole comprises the step of controlling the entrance of said critical fluid and said oxidant into said borehole.

12. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein said step of providing said critical fluid and an oxidant to diffuse into said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the step of providing a predetermined pressure of between 300 and 5000 psi.

13. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of providing said critical fluid with reactants or catalysts down said borehole comprises the step of controlling the flow rate, pressure, and ratio of said critical fluid and reactants or catalysts into said borehole.

14. The method as recited in claim 13 wherein said step of providing carbon dioxide (CO₂) as said critical fluid with reactants or catalysts to diffuse into said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the step of providing a predetermined pressure of between 300 and 5000 psi.

15. The Method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of providing a critical fluid with reactants or catalysts down said borehole including a mixture of carbon dioxide as said critical fluid and an oxidant to diffuse into said body of fixed fossil fuels along with a catalyst, includes the step of providing said catalyst selected from a group consisting of an aerogel, a nano-sized aerogel, an iron oxide aerogel, an iron oxide silica aerogel, an alumina aerogel, and a titanium aerogel.

16. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of providing a critical fluid down a borehole for diffusion into said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the step of adding a modifier to said critical fluid, said modifier including one selected from a group consisting of alcohol, methanol, water and a hydrogen donor solvent.

17. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of heating said critical fluid and said fixed fossil fuels with said electrical energy initiating reaction of said critical fluid with said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the step of raising said predetermined temperature to approximately 200 degrees Celsius.

18. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said method comprises the steps of providing a wellhead at the surface of said borehole, transferring said electrical energy and said transferring said electrical energy and said critical fluid to said borehole, and receiving and connecting a product return line to means for separating gases, critical fluids, oil and contaminants.

19. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said step of transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the steps of:

generating electromagnetic energy with an RF generator; and

providing a radiating structure in said borehole coupled to said RF generator to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels.

20. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said method comprises the steps of arranging a plurality of boreholes in a grid pattern for a desired area of said fixed fossil fuels having extraction wells equi-spaced in a triangular pitch to collect fuel product at an extended area of said heated body of fixed fossil fuels.

21. The method as recited in claim 20 wherein said step of arranging a plurality of boreholes in a grid pattern includes the step of placing one or more boreholes outboard from each perimeter borehole to collect fuel products and contain and monitor migration from said grid pattern.

22. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein said method comprises the step of performing steps (b), (c) and (d) for N cycles.

23. A method of producing hydrocarbon fuel products from a body of fixed fossil fuels beneath an overburden comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a critical fluid with reactants or catalysts down said borehole, including a mixture of carbon dioxide as said critical fluid having a concentration of 80-100% and an oxidant, said oxidant comprises a mixture of nitrous oxide (N₂O) having a concentration of 0-20% and oxygen (O₂) having a concentration of 0-20%, for diffusion into said body of fixed fossil fuels at a predetermined pressure;

(b) transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels and critical fluid to a predetermined temperature; and

(c) heating said critical fluid and said fixed fossil fuels with said electrical energy to said predetermined temperature to initiate reaction of said reactants in said critical fluid with a fraction of said hydrocarbon fuel products in said body of fixed fossil fuels causing a portion of the remainder of said hydrocarbon fuel products to be released for extraction as a vapor, liquid or dissolved in said critical fluids.

24. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said method comprises the step of removing said hydrocarbon fuel products to a ground surface above said overburden.

25. The method as recited in claim 24 wherein said step of removing said hydrocarbon fuel products comprises the step of connecting a product return line to means for separating gases, carbon dioxide (CO₂), kerogen oil, gas and other byproducts.

26. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said method comprises the steps of pressure cycling in said borehole between 500 psi and 5000 psi and performing steps (a), (b) and (c) during each pressure cycle.

27. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said method comprises the step of separating said hydrocarbon fuel, critical fluids, gases and contaminants received from a product return line.

28. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said step of transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels includes the step of heating any one of a group consisting of said body of oil shale, tar sands, heavy petroleum from a spent well, coal, lignite, and peat formation.

29. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said step of transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels and said critical fluid to a predetermined temperature comprises the step of setting said temperature to approximately 200 degrees Celsius.

30. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said method comprises the step of monitoring said temperature in an immediate region of said body of fixed fossil fuels to optimize producing said hydrocarbon fuel products, said temperature being sufficient to initiate an oxidation reaction, said reaction providing additional heat required to efficiently release said hydrocarbon fuel products.

31. The method as recited in claim 30 wherein said step of monitoring the temperature in the immediate region of said body of fixed fossil fuels being heated comprises the step of providing at least one thermocouple device in a distant region of said body of fixed fossil fuels, wherein said distant region is on the order of an RF wavelength lamda (λ

) divided by six (6).

32. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said step of providing said critical fluid and said oxidant down a borehole comprises the step of controlling the entrance of said critical fluid and said oxidant into said borehole.

33. The method as recited in claim 32 wherein said step of controlling the entrance of said critical fluids and an oxidant into said borehole to diffuse into said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the step of providing a predetermined pressure of between 300 and 5000 psi.

34. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said step of providing said critical fluid with reactants or catalysts down said borehole comprises the step of controlling the flow rate, pressure, and ratio of said critical fluid and reactants or catalysts into said borehole.

35. The method as recited in claim 34 wherein said step of providing carbon dioxide (CO₂) as said critical fluid with reactants or catalysts to diffuse into said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the step of providing a predetermined pressure of between 300 and 5000 psi.

36. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said step of providing carbon dioxide as said critical fluid to diffuse into said body of fixed fossil fuels along with a catalyst and an oxidant, includes the step of providing said catalyst selected from a group consisting of an aerogel, a nano-sized aerogel, an iron oxide aerogel, an iron oxide silica aerogel, an alumina aerogel, and a titanium aerogel.

37. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said step of providing a critical fluid down a borehole for diffusion into said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the step of adding a modifier to said critical fluid, said modifier including one selected from a group consisting of alcohol, methanol, water and a hydrogen donor solvent.

38. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said step of heating said critical fluid and said fixed fossil fuels with said electrical energy initiating reaction of said critical fluid with said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the step of raising said predetermined temperature to approximately 200 degrees Celsius.

39. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said method comprises the steps of providing a wellhead at the surface of said borehole, transferring said electrical energy and said critical fluid to said borehole, and receiving and connecting a product return line to means for separating gases, critical fluid, oil and contaminants.

40. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said step of transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels comprises the steps of:

generating electromagnetic energy with an RF generator; and

providing a radiating structure in said borehole coupled to said RF generator to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels.

41. The method as recited in claim 23 wherein said method comprises the step of arranging a plurality of boreholes in a grid pattern for a desired area of said fixed fossil fuels having extraction wells equi-spaced in a triangular pitch to collect fuel product at an extended area of said heated body of fixed fossil fuels.

42. The method as recited in claim 41 wherein said step of arranging a plurality of boreholes in a grid pattern includes the step of placing one or more boreholes outboard from each perimeter borehole to collect fuel products and contain and monitor migration from said grid pattern.

43. A method of producing hydrocarbon fuel products from a body of fixed fossil fuels beneath an overburden comprising the steps of:

(a) transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels to a first predetermined temperature;

(b) providing a critical fluid with reactants or catalysts down said borehole for diffusion into said body of fixed fossil fuels at a predetermined pressure;

(c) transmitting electrical energy down said borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels and critical fluid to a second predetermined temperature;

(d) heating said critical fluid and said fixed fossil fuels with said electrical energy to said second predetermine temperature to initiate reaction of said reactants in said critical fluid with a fraction of said hydrocarbon fuel products in said body of fixed fossil fuels causing a portion of the remainder of said hydrocarbon fuel products to be released for extraction as a vapor, liquid or dissolved in said critical fluid;

(e) monitoring said first predetermined temperature and said second predetermined temperature in an immediate region of said body of fixed fossil fuels to optimize producing said hydrocarbon fuel products, said second predetermined temperature being sufficient to initiate an oxidation reaction, said reaction providing additional heat required to efficiently release said hydrocarbon fuel products; and

(f) providing at lease one thermocouple device in an distant region of said body of fixed fossil fuels, wherein said distant region is on the order of an RF wavelength lamda (λ

) divided by six (6).

44. A method of producing hydrocarbon fuel products from a body of fixed fossil fuels beneath an overburden comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a critical fluid with reactants or catalysts down said borehole for diffusion into said body of fixed fossil fuels at a predetermined pressure;

(b) transmitting electrical energy down a borehole to heat said body of fixed fossil fuels and critical fluid to a predetermined temperature;

(c) heating said critical fluid and said fixed fossil fuels with said electrical energy to said predetermined temperature to initiate reaction of said reactants in said critical fluid with a fraction of said hydrocarbon fuel products in said body of fixed fossil fuels causing a portion of the remainder of said hydrocarbon fuel products to be released for extraction as a vapor, liquid or dissolved in said critical fluid;

(d) monitoring said temperature in an immediate region of said body of fixed fossil fuels to optimize producing said hydrocarbon fuel products, said temperature being sufficient to initiate an oxidation reaction, said reaction providing additional heat required to efficiently release said hydrocarbon fuel products; and

(e) providing at least one thermocouple device in a distant region of said body of fixed fossil fuels, wherein said distant region in on the order of an RF wavelength lamda (λ

) divided by six (6).