Soil aeration and cultivation tine

• US 7,484,568 B2
• Filed: 08/27/2004
• Issued: 02/03/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 08/24/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Salford Group, Inc.
• Original Assignee: HOLLAND EQUIPMENT LIMITED
• Inventors: Vasilescu, Constantin
• Primary Examiner(s): Will; Thomas B
• Assistant Examiner(s): McGowan; Jamie L
• Application Number:
  US10/939,193
• Publication Number:
  US 20050077059A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,621 Days
• Field of Search: 172/21, 172/122, 172/123, 172/540, 172/545, 172/554, 172/557, 172/22, D23/377
• US Class Current: 172/21
• CPC Class Codes: A01B 33/103 the rotating shaft being oriented horizontally

Abstract

A tine for mounting on a rotatable shaft of soil aeration and cultivation equipment, comprising: mounting means at an attachment end of the tine; a tip at a ground-engaging end of the tine opposite the attachment end; leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip; and bevelled sections on each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges. The unique shape of the tine has been found to create a wider range of soil disturbance than is the case with conventional straight-edge tines, requires less material to manufacture, and penetrates the ground surface more easily than conventional straight-edge tines due to the convex leading edge.

Claims

1. A tine for mounting on a rotatable shaft of soil aeration and cultivation equipment, comprising:

mounting means at an attachment end of the tine;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the tine opposite the attachment end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip; and

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein a centre line of the tine passes through, forwardly of, or rearwardly of, the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft; and

wherein the tine exhibits a lean, such that the tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

2. The tine of claim 1 wherein the tine exhibits a twist about the centre line of the tine, such that the tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

3. The tine of claim 1 wherein the tine exhibits a lean and twist about the centre line of the tine, such that the tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

4. The tine of claim 1 wherein the tine exhibits a lean and twist about the centre line of the tine, such that the tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to the plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to the plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

5. The tine of claim 1 wherein a centre line of the tine passes forwardly of the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

6. The tine of claim 5, the centre line of the tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is approximately 0.75 inches.

7. The tine of claim 5 wherein the tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the tine, such that the tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to the plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to the plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

8. The tine of claim 1 wherein a centre line of the tine passes rearwardly of the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

9. The tine of claim 8, the centre line of the tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is approximately 0.75 inches.

10. The tine of claim 8 wherein the tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the tine, such that the tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to the plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and angle of 8°

with respect to the plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

11. The tine of claim 1 wherein the mounting means comprise at least one bolt hole for receiving attachment bolts.

12. The tine of claim 1 wherein the tip comes to a sharp point.

13. The tine of claim 1 wherein the tip has a flat end.

14. The tine of claim 1 wherein the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges are symmetrical about a centre line of the tine.

15. The tine of claim 4 a wherein the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges are asymmetrical about a centre line of the tine.

16. The tine of claim 1 wherein at least one of the opposed faces comprises at least one bevelled section adjacent one of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges.

17. A rotatable shaft for mounting on soil aeration and cultivation equipment comprising at least one tine, the at least one tine comprising:

mounting means at an attachment end of the at least one tine for mounting the at least one tine on the rotatable shaft;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the at least one tine opposite the attachment end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip; and

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein a centre line of the at least one tine passes through, forwardly of or rearwardly of the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft; and

wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

18. The rotatable shaft of claim 17 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

19. The rotatable shaft of claim 17 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

20. The rotatable shaft of claim 19 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to the plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to the plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

21. The rotatable shaft of claim 17 wherein a centre line of the at least one tine passes forwardly of the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

22. The rotatable shaft of claim 17, the centre line of the at least one tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is approximately 0.75 inches.

23. The rotatable shaft of claim 17 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to the plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to the plane containing the axis of the of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

24. The rotatable shaft of claim 17 wherein a centre line of the at least one tine passes rearwardly of the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

25. The rotatable shaft of claim 24, the centre line of the at least one tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is approximately 0.75 inches.

26. The rotatable shaft of claim 24 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to the plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to the plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

27. The rotatable shaft of claim 24 wherein the mounting means comprise at least one bolt hole for receiving attachment bolts.

28. The rotatable shaft of claim 24 wherein the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges are symmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine.

29. The rotatable shaft of claim 24 wherein the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges are asymmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine.

30. The rotatable shaft of claim 24 wherein at least one of the opposed faces comprises at least one bevelled section adjacent one of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges.

31. The rotatable shaft of claim 17 wherein the rotatable shaft is disposed at a fixed angle of 0°

to 10°

to a line perpendicular to a direction of travel when the rotatable shaft is mourned on the soil aeration and cultivation equipment.

32. The rotatable shaft of claim 17 wherein the rotatable shaft is disposed at a variable angle of 0°

to 10°

to a line perpendicular to a direction of travel when the rotatable shaft is mounted on the soil aeration and cultivation equipment.

33. An apparatus for soil aeration and cultivation comprising at least one rotatable shaft having at least one tine, the soil aeration and cultivation equipment for moving in a direction of travel, the at least one tine comprising:

mounting means at an attachment end of the at least one tine for mounting the at least one tine on the at least one rotatable shaft;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the at least one tine opposite the attachment end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip; and

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein a centre line of the at least one tine passes through, forwardly of, or rearwardly of, the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft; and

wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

34. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

35. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the at least a tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft and an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

36. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to the plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to the plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

37. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein a centre line of the at least one tine passes forwardly of the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, the centre line of the at least one tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and space apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is approximately 0.75 inches.

39. The apparatus of claim 37 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to the plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of the rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to the plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

40. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein a centre line of the at least one tine passes reawardly of the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

41. The apparatus of claim 40, the centre line of the at least one tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is approximately 0.75 inches.

42. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

43. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft and an angle of 0.5°

to 15°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

44. The apparatus of claim 43 wherein the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to the plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to the plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

45. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the mounting means comprise at least one bolt hole for receiving attachment bolts.

46. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges are symmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine.

47. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein The leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges are asymmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine.

48. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein at least one of the opposed faces comprises at least one bevelled section adjacent one of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges.

49. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the at least one rotatable shaft is disposed at a fixed angle of 0°

to 10°

to a line perpendicular to the direction of travel.

50. The apparatus of claim 33 wherein the at least one rotatable shaft is disposed at a variable angle of 0°

to 10°

to a line perpendicular to the direction of travel.

51. A tine for mounting on a rotatable shaft of soil aeration and cultivation equipment, comprising:

mounting means at an attachment end of the tine;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the tine opposite the attachment end, tip having a flat end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip, the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges being symmetrical about a centre line of the tine;

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges; and

bevelled sections disposed on the first and second opposed faces adjacent each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein the centre line of the tine passes through the axis of rotation of rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft, and the tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the tine, such that the tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

52. A tine for mounting on a rotatable shaft of soil aeration and cultivation equipment, comprising:

mounting means at an attachment end of the tine;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the tine opposite the attachment end, the tip having a flat end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip, the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges being asymmetrical about a centre line of the tine;

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges; and

bevelled sections disposed on the first and second opposed faces adjacent each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein the centre line of the tine passes forwardly of the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft, and the tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the tine, such that the tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

53. The tine of claim 52, the centre line of the tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is 0.75 inches.

54. A tine for mounting on a rotatable shaft of soil aeration and cultivation equipment, comprising:

mounting means at an attachment end of the tine;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the tine opposite the attachment end, the tip having a flat end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip, the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges being asymmetrical about a centre line of the tine;

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges; and

bevelled sections disposed on the first and second opposed faces adjacent each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein the centre line of the tine passes rearwardly of the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when the tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft, and the tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the tine, such that the tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft when tine is mounted on the rotatable shaft.

55. The tine of claim 54, the centre line of the tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is 0.75 inches.

56. A rotatable shaft for mounting on soil aeration and cultivation equipment, comprising at least one tine, the at least one tine comprising:

mounting means at an attachment end of the at least one tine for mounting the at least one tine on the rotatable shaft;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the at least one tine opposite the attachment end, the tip having a flat end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip, the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges being symmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine;

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges; and

bevelled sections disposed on the first and second opposed faces adjacent each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein the centre line of the at least one tine passes through the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft, and the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle 8°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

57. A rotatable shaft for mounting on soil aeration and cultivation equipment, comprising at least one tine, the at least one tine comprising;

mounting means at an attachment end of the at least one tine for mounting at least one tine on the rotatable shaft;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the at least one tine opposite the attachment end, the tip having a flat end;

leading and trading convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip, the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges being asymmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine;

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the lead and trailing convex curvilinear edges; and

bevelled sections disposed on the first and second opposed faces adjacent each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein the centre line of the at least one tine passes forwardly of the axis rotation of the rotatable shaft, and the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

58. The rotatable shaft of claim 57, the centre line of the at least one tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis rotation is 0.75 inches.

59. A rotatable shaft for mounting on soil aeration and cultivation equipment, comprising at least one tine, the at least one tine comprising:

mounting means at an attachment end of the at least one tine for mounting the at least one tine on the rotatable shaft;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the at least one tine opposite the attachment end, the tip having a flat end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip, the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges being asymmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine;

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges; and

bevelled sections disposed on the first and second opposed faces adjacent each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein the centre line of the at least one tine passes rearwardly of the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the rotatable shaft.

60. The rotatable shaft of claim 59, the centre line of the at least one tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is 0.75 inches.

61. An apparatus for soil aeration and cultivation comprising at least one rotatable shaft having at least one tine, the soil aeration and cultivation equipment for moving in a direction of travel, the at least one rotatable shaft being disposed at an angle of 0°

to 10°

to a line perpendicular to the direction of travel, the at least one tine comprising;

mounting means at an attachment end of the at least one tine for mounting the at least one tine on the at least one rotatable shaft;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the at least one tine opposite the attachment end, the tip having a flat end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip, the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges being symmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine;

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges; and

bevelled sections disposed on the first and second opposed faces adjacent each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein the centre line of the at least one tine passes through the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft, and the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

62. An apparatus for soil aeration and cultivation comprising at least one rotatable shaft having at least one tine, the soil aeration and cultivation equipment for moving in a direction of travel, the at least one rotatable shaft being disposed at an angle of 0°

to 10°

to a line perpendicular to the direction of travel, the at least one tine comprising;

mounting means at an attachment end of the at least one tine for mounting the at least one tine on the at least one rotatable shaft;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the at least one tine opposite the attachment end, the tip having a flat end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip, the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges being asymmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine;

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges; and

bevelled sections disposed on the first and second opposed faces adjacent each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein the centre line of the at least one tine passes forwardly of the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft, and the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

63. The apparatus of claim 62, the centre line of the at least one tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is 0.75 inches.

64. An apparatus for soil aeration and cultivation comprising at least one rotatable shaft having at least one tine, the soil aeration and cultivation equipment for moving in a direction of travel, the at least one rotatable shaft being disposed at an angle of to 10°

to a line perpendicular to the direction of travel, the at least one tine comprising;

mounting means at an attachment end of the at least one tine for mounting the at least one tine on the at least one rotatable shaft;

a tip at a ground-engaging end of the at least one tine opposite the attachment end, the tip having a flat end;

leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges disposed opposite each other and converging toward the attachment end and the tip, the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges being asymmetrical about a centre line of the at least one tine;

first and second opposed faces substantially meeting at each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges; and

bevelled sections disposed on the first and second opposed faces adjacent each of the leading and trailing convex curvilinear edges;

wherein the centre line of the at least one tine passes rearwardly of the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft, and the at least one tine exhibits a lean and a twist about the centre line of the at least one tine, such that the at least one tine forms an angle of 2.5°

with respect to a plane disposed perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft and an angle of 8°

with respect to a plane containing the axis of rotation of the at least one rotatable shaft.

65. The apparatus of claim 64, the centre line of the at least one tine and a line passing through the axis of rotation being substantially parallel and spaced apart, wherein the distance between the centre line and the line passing through the axis of rotation is 0.75 inches.