Systems and methods for media authentication

• US 7,562,396 B2
• Filed: 02/01/2002
• Issued: 07/14/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 08/21/2001
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: SCA IPLA Holdings Incorporated (Sony Group Corp.)
• Original Assignee: ECD Systems Incorporated
• Inventors: Howard, Daniel G., Lee, Andrew R., LeVine, Richard B., Merkle, James A. Jr.
• Primary Examiner(s): LAFORGIA, CHRISTIAN A
• Application Number:
  US10/062,400
• Publication Number:
  US 20030046545A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,720 Days
• Field of Search: 369/53.44, 369/47.4, 369/275.3, 369/47.29, 369/47.3, 713/193, 380/229
• US Class Current: 726/30
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00086 Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy indicating unauthorised use of record carriers in general G11B23/28; scrambling for television signal recording H04N5/913; network architectures or network protocols for network security H04L63/00; cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00927 wherein said defects or errors are generated on purpose, e.g. intended scratches

Abstract

A method and system for authenticating a digital optical medium, such as a CD-ROM, determine whether the medium is an unauthorized copy, or the original. The original media is created, or altered, so as to contain anomalous locations from which the transfer of data is accomplished at different rates than a standard digital copy would exhibit. One implementation of the process involves timing analysis of the differences in data transfer rates, and does not necessarily require the retrying of data reads, nor does the process require the media to exhibit fatal errors, as in conventional approaches. The process can be employed in systems that control access to unauthorized copies, or may be used for other informative purposes. Theft, distribution, and piracy of digital content on optical media, such as computer software (also games, video, audio, e-book content), is often accomplished by copying it directly to another disc using commonly available copy tools and recordable optical media, or the replication of media to another mass manufactured disc. The present invention, which helps to irrefutably identify a unit of optical media as the original, and can correspondingly identify any copy made by any currently available means as such a copy, may prevent an unauthorized individual from making use of any unauthorized copies. This offers significant advantages to content creators who wish to protect their products.

Claims

1. A method for authenticating a digital medium comprising:

requesting, at a computing device, a read operation of data symbols from a media reading device;

monitoring a transfer rate of read user data from an output of the media reading device to the computing device resulting from the reading of data symbols stored on a digital medium installed on the media reading device at a physical location of the digital medium, wherein the read user data is in a format that can be processed by the computing device and wherein the transfer rate is a rate, in data elements per unit time, at which read user data elements are returned from the media reading device to the computing device in response to the requesting of the read operation;

determining, at the computing device, from the monitored transfer rate, the presence of an anomaly region on the digital medium corresponding to the physical location of the data symbols on the digital medium by identifying a modification in the transfer rate of the read user data from the media device to the computing device; and

authenticating the digital medium based on a characteristic of the anomaly region.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the digital medium comprises an optical digital medium.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the digital medium comprises a magnetic digital medium.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein monitoring comprises monitoring the transfer rate in real time, as the read user data is transferred from the media reading device to the computing device.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein monitoring comprises monitoring the transfer rate following transfer of the read user data from the media reading device to the computing device.

6. The method of claim 1 further comprising estimating the monitored data transfer rate and determining the presence of the anomaly region based on the estimated data transfer rate.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the anomaly region causes a modification in the transfer rate of the read user data.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein the reading of the data symbols is performed by the media reading device and wherein the modification in the transfer rate results from the media reading device automatically initiating multiple retries of reading the data symbols due to the presence of the anomaly region.

9. The method of claim 7 wherein the reading of the data symbols is performed by the media reading device and wherein the modification in the transfer rate results from the media reading device automatically slowing down the reading of the data symbols due the presence of the anomaly region.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the anomaly region is located at a predetermined location on the digital medium.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the predetermined location comprises an absolute address on the digital medium.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the absolute address represents an encoded data value.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the anomaly region is at a location on the digital medium that is analytically determined as a result of the step of determining the presence of the anomaly region.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the location comprises an absolute address on the digital medium.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the absolute address represents an encoded data value.

16. The method of claim 1 wherein the anomaly region comprises a first anomaly region and further comprising:

determining, from the monitored transfer rate, the presence of a second anomaly region on the digital medium corresponding to a second physical location of second data symbols on the digital medium; and

wherein a relative location of the second anomaly region is determined relative to the location of first anomaly region.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein authenticating is further based on the determined relative location.

18. The method of claim 16 wherein the second anomaly region is located at a predetermined location on the digital medium.

19. The method of claim 16 wherein the second anomaly region is at a location on the digital medium that is analytically determined as a result of the step of determining the presence of the second anomaly region.

20. The method of claim 16 wherein the relative location represents an encoded data value.

21. The method of claim 1 wherein the characteristic is the location of the anomaly region in the read user data, and wherein if the location of the anomaly region in the read user data matches the physical location of the anomaly region corresponding to the data symbols, then the digital medium is determined as authentic.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein if the location of the anomaly region in the read user data does not match the physical location of the anomaly region corresponding to the data symbols, then the digital medium is determined as non-authentic.

23. The method of claim 1 further comprising controlling user access to the user data read from the digital medium based on whether the digital medium is authentic.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein controlling comprises one of allowing access, disallowing access, and limiting access to the user data read from the digital medium.

25. The method of claim 1 wherein the determination of the presence of the anomaly region results from a difficulty in the reading of the read user data by a reading device.

26. The method of claim 1 wherein the anomaly region comprises a physical alteration of the digital medium that results in the user data corresponding to the anomaly region being transferred at a transfer rate that is different than a standard transfer rate of user data not corresponding to the anomaly region.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein the physical alteration of the digital medium comprises a mechanical alteration.

28. The method of claim 26 wherein the physical alteration of the digital medium comprises an optical alteration.

29. The method of claim 26 wherein the physical alteration of the digital medium comprises a magnetic alteration.

30. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps for performing the authentication reside in software code that is previously stored on the digital medium, prior to authentication.

31. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps for performing the authentication reside in firmware that is stored in a media drive performing the authentication or in a computing device controlling the media drive, or stored in firmware controlling the media drive, or stored remotely and provided to the media drive by a network connection.

32. The method of claim 1 wherein a known characteristic of the anomaly region is previously stored, prior to authentication, and wherein authenticating the digital medium based on a characteristic of the anomaly region comprises comparing the characteristic to the known characteristic.

33. The method of claim 1 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises a reduction in the transfer rate and wherein the anomaly region is identified based on the extent of the reduction.

34. The method of claim 1 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises a reduction in the transfer rate to a resultant non-zero transfer rate.

35. The method of claim 34 wherein the resultant non-zero transfer rate results in a determination that the anomaly region is a genuine anomaly region.

36. The method of claim 1 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises a reduction in the transfer rate to a resultant zero transfer rate.

37. The method of claim 36 wherein the resultant zero transfer rate results in a determination that the anomaly region is a false anomaly region.

38. The method of claim 37 wherein the false anomaly region indicates that the digital medium is non-authentic.

39. The method of claim 1 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises an increase in the transfer rate, and wherein the characteristic is determined based on the increase.

40. The method of claim 1 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises a response comprising an acceptable reduction in the user data transfer rate followed by a sudden increase in the transfer rate to an increased transfer rate that is greater than a maximum transfer rate.

41. The method of claim 40 wherein the response indicates that an apparent anomaly region generated by an external source has been detected.

42. The method of claim 41 further comprising filtering the apparent anomaly region such that authenticating is not based on the apparent anomaly region.

43. The method of claim 1 wherein authenticating is based on a characteristic of multiple anomaly regions.

44. The method of claim 1 wherein authenticating is based on multiple characteristics of the anomaly region.

45. The method of claim 1 wherein the anomaly characteristic comprises anomaly severity.

46. The method of claim 45 wherein the anomaly severity represents an encoded data value.

47. The method of claim 1 wherein monitoring further comprises recording prior settings of the media reading device prior to reading;

and restoring the prior settings of the reading device following authenticating.

48. The method of claim 47 wherein, following recording of the prior settings of the media recording device, the media reading device is reset.

49. The method of claim 48 wherein, following recording of the prior settings of the media recording device, a cache on the media reading device is reset.

50. The method of claim 47 further comprising selecting a data block size for the media reading device.

51. The method of claim 47 further comprising disabling excessive retry attempts by the media reading device.

52. The method of claim 47 further comprising reading locations of the digital medium known to be free of anomaly regions in order to determine a maximum transfer rate.

53. The method of claim 47 further comprising ceasing reading when an anomaly location has been encountered.

54. The method of claim 47 further comprising storing the read user data for statistical analysis.

55. The method of claim 1 wherein monitoring the transfer rate of read user data from the media reading device to the computing device results from the reading of valid data stored on the digital medium.

56. A system for authenticating a digital medium comprising:

a computing device that requests a read operation of data symbols from a media reading device;

a monitor that monitors a transfer rate of read user data from an output of the media reading device to the computing device resulting from the reading of data symbols stored on a digital medium installed on the media reading device at a physical location of the digital medium, wherein the read user data is in a format that can be processed by the computing device and wherein the transfer rate is a rate, in data elements per unit time, at which read user data elements are returned from the media reading device to the computing device in response to the requesting of the read operation;

an anomaly detector at the computing device that determines, from the monitored transfer rate, the presence of an anomaly region on the digital medium corresponding to the physical location of the data symbols on the digital medium by identifying a modification in the transfer rate of the read user data from the media reading device to the computing device; and

an authenticator that authenticates the digital medium based on a characteristic of the anomaly region.

57. The system of claim 56 wherein the digital medium comprises an optical digital medium.

58. The system of claim 56 wherein the digital medium comprises a magnetic digital medium.

59. The system of claim 56 wherein the monitor monitors the transfer rate in real time, as the read. user data is transferred from the media reading device to the computing device.

60. The system of claim 56 wherein the monitor monitors the transfer rate following transfer of the read user data from the media reading device to the computing device.

61. The system of claim 56 further comprising and estimator for estimating the monitored data transfer rate and wherein the anomaly detector determines the presence of the anomaly region based on the estimated data transfer rate.

62. The system of claim 56 wherein the anomaly region causes a modification in the transfer rate of the read user data.

63. The system of claim 62 wherein the modification in the transfer rate results from the media reading device automatically initiating multiple retries of reading the data symbols due the presence of the anomaly region.

64. The system of claim 62 wherein the modification in the transfer rate results from the media reading device automatically slowing down the reading of the data symbols due the presence of the anomaly region.

65. The system of claim 56 wherein the anomaly region is located at a predetermined location on the digital medium.

66. The system of claim 65 wherein the predetermined location comprises an absolute address on the digital medium.

67. The system of claim 66 wherein the absolute address represents an encoded data value.

68. The system of claim 56 wherein the anomaly region is at a location on the digital medium that is analytically determined as a result of the step of determining the presence of the anomaly region.

69. The system of claim 68 wherein the predetermined location comprises an absolute address on the digital medium.

70. The system of claim 69 wherein the absolute address represents an encoded data value.

71. The system of claim 56 wherein the anomaly region comprises a first anomaly region and wherein the anomaly detector further:

determines, from the monitored transfer rate, the presence of a second anomaly region on the digital medium corresponding to a second physical location of second data symbols on the digital medium; and

determines a relative location of the second anomaly region relative to the location of first anomaly region.

72. The system of claim 71 wherein the authenticator further authenticates based on the determined relative location.

73. The system of claim 71 wherein the second anomaly region is located at a predetermined location on the digital medium.

74. The system of claim 71 wherein the second anomaly region is at a location on the digital medium that is analytically determined as a result of the step of determining the presence of the second anomaly region.

75. The system of claim 71 wherein the relative location represents an encoded data value.

76. The system of claim 56 wherein the characteristic is the location of the anomaly region in the read user data, and wherein if the location of the anomaly region in the read user data matches the physical location of the anomaly region corresponding to the data symbols, then the digital medium is determined as authentic.

77. The system of claim 76 wherein if the location of the anomaly region in the read user data does not match the physical location of the anomaly region corresponding to the data symbols, then the digital medium is determined as non-authentic.

78. The system of claim 56 further comprising a controller for controlling user access to the user data read from the digital medium based on whether the digital medium is authentic.

79. The system of claim 78 wherein controlling comprises one of allowing access, disallowing access, and limiting access to the user data read from the digital medium.

80. The system of claim 56 wherein the determination of the presence of the anomaly region results from a difficulty in the reading of the read user data by a reading device.

81. The system of claim 56 wherein the anomaly region comprises a physical alteration of the digital medium that results in the user data corresponding to the anomaly region being transferred at a transfer rate that is different than a standard transfer rate of user data not corresponding to the anomaly region.

82. The system of claim 81 wherein the physical alteration of the digital medium comprises a mechanical alteration.

83. The system of claim 81 wherein the physical alteration of the digital medium comprises an optical alteration.

84. The system of claim 81 wherein the physical alteration of the digital medium comprises a magnetic alteration.

85. The system of claim 56 wherein the authenticator resides in software code that is previously stored on the digital medium, prior to authentication.

86. The system of claim 56 wherein the anomaly detector and authenticator reside in firmware that is stored in a media drive performing the authentication or reside in a computing device controlling the media drive.

87. The system of claim 56 wherein a known characteristic of the anomaly region is previously stored, prior to authentication, and wherein authenticating the digital medium based on a characteristic of the anomaly region comprises comparing the characteristic to the known characteristic.

88. The system of claim 56 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises a reduction in the transfer rate and wherein the anomaly region is identified based on the extent of the reduction.

89. The system of claim 56 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises a reduction in the transfer rate to a resultant non-zero transfer rate.

90. The system of claim 89 wherein the resultant non-zero transfer rate results in a determination that the anomaly region is a genuine anomaly region.

91. The system of claim 56 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises a reduction in the transfer rate to a resultant zero transfer rate.

92. The system of claim 91 wherein the resultant zero transfer rate results in a determination that the anomaly region is a false anomaly region.

93. The system of claim 92 wherein the false anomaly region indicates that the digital medium is non-authentic.

94. The system of claim 56 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises an increase in the transfer rate, and wherein the characteristic is determined based on the increase.

95. The system of claim 56 wherein the modification in the transfer rate comprises a response comprising an acceptable reduction in the user data transfer rate followed by a sudden increase in the transfer rate to an increased transfer rate that is greater than a maximum transfer rate.

96. The system of claim 95 wherein the response indicates that an apparent anomaly region generated by an external source has been detected.

97. The system of claim 96 further comprising a filter unit for filtering the apparent anomaly region such that authenticating is not based on the apparent anomaly region.

98. The system of claim 56 wherein authenticating the digital medium is based on a characteristic of multiple anomaly regions.

99. The system of claim 56 wherein authenticating the digital medium is based on multiple characteristics of the anomaly region.

100. The system of claim 56 wherein the anomaly characteristic comprises anomaly severity.

101. The system of claim 100 wherein the anomaly severity represents an encoded data value.

102. The system of claim 56 wherein the monitor further records prior settings of the media reading device prior to reading;

and restores the prior settings of the reading device following authenticating.

103. The system of claim 102 wherein the monitor resets the media reading device, following recording of the prior settings.

104. The system of claim 103 wherein the monitor resets a cache on the media reading device is reset following recording of the prior settings.

105. The system of claim 102 wherein the monitor selects a data block size for the media reading device.

106. The system of claim 102 wherein the monitor disables excessive retry attempts by the media reading device.

107. The system of claim 102 wherein the monitor reads locations of the digital medium known to be free of anomaly regions in order to achieve a maximum transfer rate.

108. The system of claim 102 wherein the monitor ceases reading when an anomaly location has been encountered.

109. The system of claim 102 wherein the monitor stores the read user data for statistical analysis.

110. The method of claim 56 wherein the transfer rate of read user data from the media reading device to the computing device that is monitored by the monitor results from the reading of valid data stored on the digital medium.