Method and apparatus for radiation detection

• US 7,566,879 B2
• Filed: 03/20/2006
• Issued: 07/28/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 02/02/1996
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Nova R&D Incorporated (Kromek Group PLC)
• Original Assignee: Tümer, Tümay O.
• Inventors: Tümer, Tümay O.
• Primary Examiner(s): Porta; David P
• Assistant Examiner(s): Eley; Jessica L
• Application Number:
  US11/378,255
• Publication Number:
  US 20070045547A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,226 Days
• Field of Search: 250/370.1, 250/370.09
• US Class Current: 250/370.1
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/037 Emission tomography
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/006 Total absorption calorimeters; Shower detectors
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/2928 using solid state detectors
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/2985 In depth localisation, e.g. using positron emitters; Tomographic imaging (longitudinal and transverse section imaging; apparatus for radiation diagnosis sequentially in different planes, steroscopic radiation diagnosis); using external radiation sources A61B6/02
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 27/14659 Direct radiation imagers structures
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/115 Devices sensitive to very short wavelength, e.g. X-rays, gamma-rays or corpuscular radiation

Abstract

An imaging system for imaging an object has an x-ray source for emitting x-rays. A detection system has a plurality of position sensitive detector planes, and the object is located between the x-ray source and the detection system. A portion of the x-rays pass through said object and pass into said plurality of detector planes and are detected within the plurality of detector planes. A multi-channel readout system is coupled to the plurality of position sensitive detector planes. A display system is coupled to the multi-channel readout system, and the display system displays an image of said object. A portion of the x-rays passing into the plurality of detector planes undergoes at least one Compton scatter within the plurality of detection planes and is detected. A total or partial energy corresponding to each portion of the emitted x-rays is recorded by a multichannel readout system. The direction for the said detected x-ray is determined and the direction and total or partial energy corresponding to each detected x-ray is processed by a multi-channel readout system to generate said image.

Claims

1. A detector system for detecting at least one particle, said detector system comprising:

at least one position sensitive detector wherein said at least one particle produces a plurality of electron-hole pairs inside at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector;

at least one carrier with a first side coupled to said at least one position sensitive detector, wherein said at least one carrier comprises at least one conductive path; and

at least one integrated circuit with at least one input coupled to a second side of said at least one carrier,

wherein at least one of a plurality of electrons and a plurality of holes from said plurality of electron-hole pairs travels from said at least one position sensitive detector through said at least one conductive path to at least one of said at least one input, and

wherein said at least one integrated circuit processes at least one of said plurality of electrons and said plurality of holes to produce at least one output.

2. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said at least one position sensitive detector is selected from the group consisting of a pixel detectors, strip detectors, double sided pixel detectors and double sided strip detectors.

3. The detector system of claim 1, wherein the detector material of said at least one position sensitive detector is selected from the group consisting of HpGe, Ge, CdTe, CdZnTe, HgI₂, GaAs, PbI₂, CsI(Tl), CdWo₄, CsF, NaI(Tl), CsI(Na), BGO, LSO, PbCO₃ and GSO.

4. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said at least one position sensitive detector is at least two position sensitive detectors.

5. The detector system of claim 1, wherein at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector is a direct conversion detector.

6. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said at least one particle is selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

7. The detector system of claim 6, wherein at least one of said photons, said x-rays and said gamma-rays make at least one Compton scatter inside at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector.

8. The detector system of claim 6, wherein at least one of said photons, said x-rays and said gamma-rays interacts through photoelectric effect and is absorbed inside at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector.

9. The detector system of claim 6, wherein at least one of said photons and one of said gamma-rays interacts through pair production and creates an electron-positron pair inside at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector.

10. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said detector system is four-sides abuttable.

11. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said at least one output is at least one image.

12. The detector system of claim 1, wherein said at least one carrier includes peripheral electronics.

13. A detector system for detecting a plurality of particles, said detector system comprising:

a plurality of position sensitive detectors, wherein a portion of said plurality of particles produces a plurality of electron-hole pairs inside at least one of said plurality of position sensitive detectors;

a plurality of carriers, wherein a first side of at least one portion of said plurality of carriers is coupled to at least one portion of said plurality of position sensitive detectors, wherein at least one portion of said plurality of carriers comprises a plurality of conductive paths; and

a plurality of integrated circuits with a plurality of inputs coupled to a second side of at least one portion of said plurality of carriers,

wherein at least one of a plurality of electrons and a plurality of holes from said plurality of electron-hole pairs travels from at least one portion of said plurality of position sensitive detectors through at least one portion of said plurality of conductive paths to at least one portion of said plurality of inputs, and

wherein at least one of said plurality of integrated circuits process at least one of said plurality of electrons and said plurality of holes to produce at least one output.

14. The detector system of claim 13, wherein said plurality of position sensitive detectors are selected from the group consisting of pixel detectors, strip detectors, double sided pixel detectors and double sided strip detectors.

15. The detector system of claim 13, wherein the detector material of said plurality of position sensitive detectors is selected from the group consisting of HpGe, Ge, CdTe, CdZnTe, HgI₂, GaAs, PbI₂, CsI(Tl), CdWo₄, CsF, NaI(Tl), CsI(Na), BGO, LSO, PbCO₃ and GSO.

16. The detector system of claim 13, wherein at least one portion of said plurality of particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

17. The detector system of claim 16, wherein at least one of said photons, said x-rays and said gamma-rays make at least one Compton scatter inside at least one of said plurality of position sensitive detectors.

18. The detector system of claim 13, wherein said at least one position sensitive detector is selected from the group consisting of strip detectors, pixel detectors, double sided pixel detectors and double sided strip detectors.

19. A detector system for detecting at least one particle, said detector system comprising:

at least one pixel detector, wherein said at least one particle produces a plurality of electron-hole pairs inside at least one of said at least one pixel detector;

at least one carrier with a first side coupled to said at least one pixel detector, wherein said at least one carrier comprises at least one conductive path; and

at least one integrated circuit with at least one input coupled to a second side of said at least one carrier,

wherein at least one of a plurality of electrons and a plurality of holes from said plurality of electron-hole pairs travels from said at least one pixel detector through said at least one conductive path to at least one of said at least one input, and

wherein said at least one integrated circuit processes at least one of said plurality of electrons and said plurality of holes to produce at least one output.

20. The detector system of claim 19 , wherein at least one of said at least one pixel detector is selected from the group consisting of one-side, two-side, three-side and four-side abuttable design.

21. The detector system of claim 19, wherein said at least one particle is selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

22. The detector system of claim 21, wherein at least one of said photons, said x-rays and said gamma-rays make at least one Compton scatter inside at least one of said at least one pixel detector.

23. A method for producing a four side abuttable detector module for detecting a plurality of particles, said method comprising:

mounting at least one position sensitive detector onto a first side of at least one carrier having same or smaller size and containing a plurality of conductive paths;

coupling at least one integrated circuit to a second side of said at least one carrier;

limiting at least one of said at least one carrier dimensions not to exceed at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector dimensions;

detecting a portion of said plurality of particles by at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector and producing a plurality of signals;

connecting at least one portion of said plurality of signals to at least one portion of said plurality of inputs using at least one portion of said plurality of conductive paths; and

processing said plurality of signals by said at least one integrated circuit and producing at least one output.

24. The method detector of claim 23, wherein at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector is selected from the group consisting of pixel detectors, strip detectors, double sided pixel detectors and double sided strip detectors.

25. The method of claim 23, wherein at least one portion of said plurality of particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

26. The detector system of claim 23, wherein at least one portion of said plurality of particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma-rays.

27. The detector system of claim 26, wherein at least one of said photons, said x-rays and said gamma-rays make at least one Compton scatter inside at least one of said plurality of strip detectors.

28. A detector system for detecting a plurality of particles, said detector system comprising:

at least one detector wherein each one of said at least one detector comprises at least one scintillator coupled to at least one solid-state light detector;

wherein a portion of said plurality of particles produces a plurality of scintillation light inside said at least one scintillator;

wherein at least one portion of said a plurality of scintillation light produces a plurality of electron hole pairs inside at least one of said at least one solid-state light detector;

wherein said at least one detector is mounted on at least one side of at least one board, wherein said at least one board comprises at least one conductive path;

wherein at least one integrated circuit with a plurality of inputs is mounted on at least one side of said at least one board;

wherein at least one of a plurality of electrons and a plurality of holes from said plurality of electron-hole pairs travel from said at least one solid-state light detector detector through said at least one conductive path to at least one portion of said plurality of inputs; and

wherein said plurality of integrated circuits process at least one of said plurality of electrons and said plurality of holes to produce at least one output.

29. The detector system of claim 28, wherein said scintillator material is selected from the group consisting of CsI(Tl), CdWo₄, CsF, NaI(Tl), CsI(Na), BGO, LSO, PbCO₃ and GSO.

30. The detector system of claim 28, wherein said solid-state light detector is selected from the group consisting of diodes, photodiodes, PIN photodiodes, and avalanche photodiodes (APDs).

31. The detector system of claim 28, wherein at least one portion of said plurality of particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

32. The detector system of claim 31, wherein at least one of said photons, said x-rays and said gamma-rays make at least one Compton scatter inside at least one of said at least one scintillator.

33. A detector system for imaging a plurality of particles, said detector system comprising:

a plurality of pixel detectors, wherein portion of said plurality of particles produces a plurality of electron-hole pairs inside at least one of said plurality of pixel detectors;

a plurality of carriers, wherein a first side of at least one portion of said plurality of carriers is coupled to at least one portion of said plurality of pixel detectors, wherein at least one portion of said plurality of carriers comprises at least one conductive path; and

a plurality of integrated circuits with a plurality of inputs coupled to a second side of at least one portion of said plurality of carriers;

at least one of a plurality of electrons or a plurality of holes from said plurality of electron-hole pairs travels from said at least one portion of said plurality of pixel detectors through at least one of said at least one conductive path to at least one portion of said plurality of inputs, and

wherein at least one of said plurality of integrated circuits process at least one of said plurality of electrons and said plurality of holes to produce at least one image.

34. The detector system of claim 33, wherein at least one portion of said plurality particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

35. The detector system of claim 34, wherein at least one of said photons, said x-rays and said gamma-rays make at least one Compton scatter inside at least one of said plurality of pixel detectors.

36. At least one detector module for detecting a plurality of particles, said at least one detector module comprising:

at least one position sensitive detector which produces a plurality of signals from at least a portion of said plurality of particles;

at least one carrier with a plurality of conductive paths;

at least one integrated circuit with a plurality of inputs;

wherein at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector is coupled to a first side of at least one of said at least one carrier;

wherein at least one of said at least one integrated circuit is coupled to a second side of at least one of said at least one carrier;

wherein said plurality of conductive paths connects at least one portion of said plurality of signals to at least one portion of said plurality of inputs;

wherein at least one of said at least one integrated circuit processes at least one portion of said plurality of signals and produces at least one output; and

wherein said at least one detector module is configured to abut at least one other of said at least one detector module on any one of four sides of at least one of said at least one detector module.

37. The detector module of claim 36, wherein said plurality of particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

38. At least one detector module for detecting a plurality of particles, said at least one detector module comprising:

at least one pixel detector with a plurality of pixels producing at least one signal from a portion of said plurality of particles;

at least one carrier with a plurality of connections;

at least one integrated circuit with a plurality of inputs;

wherein said at least one pixel detector mounted onto one side of said at least one carrier;

wherein said at least one integrated circuit mounted onto another side of said at least one carrier;

wherein at least one of said at least one carrier connects at least one of said at least one signal from at least one of said at least one pixel detector to at least one portion of said plurality of inputs using at least one portion of said plurality of connections;

wherein at least one of said at least one integrated circuit processes at least one of said at least one signal and produces at least one output; and

wherein at least one of said at least one detector module is configured to abut at least one other of said at least one detector module on any one of four sides of at least one of said at least one detector module.

39. The detector module of claim 38, wherein said plurality of particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

40. The detector system of claim 38, wherein said at least one detector module is abutted to at least one other detector module to produce a large detector array.

41. A method for detecting a plurality of particles using at least one detector module, said method comprising:

detecting a portion of said plurality of particles by at least one position sensitive detector and producing a plurality of signals;

coupling said at least one position sensitive detector onto a first side of at least one carrier containing a plurality of conductive paths;

coupling at least one integrated circuit with a plurality of inputs to a second side of said at least one carrier;

making said first side and said second side of said at least one carrier have an output area at most the size of said at least one position sensitive detector;

connecting said plurality of signals to said plurality of inputs using said plurality of conductive paths; and

processing said plurality of signals by said at least one integrated circuit and producing at least one output.

42. The method for detecting a plurality of particles of claim 41, wherein at least one portion of said plurality of particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

43. A method for detecting a plurality of particles using at least one detector module, said method comprising:

detecting a portion of said plurality of particles by at least one pixel detector and producing a plurality of signals;

mounting said at least one pixel detector onto a first side of at least one carrier containing a plurality of connections;

mounting at least one integrated circuit with a plurality of inputs to a second side of said at least one carrier;

making said first side and said second side of said at least one carrier to have an area equal or smaller than the size of said at least one position sensitive detector;

connecting said plurality of signals to said plurality of inputs using said plurality of connections; and

processing said plurality of signals by said at least one integrated circuit and producing at least one output.

44. The method for detecting a plurality of particles of claim 43, wherein at least one portion of said plurality particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

45. At least one four side abuttable detector module for detecting a plurality of particles, said detector module comprising:

at least one position sensitive detector mounted onto a first side of at least one carrier having same or smaller size and containing a plurality of conductive paths;

at least one integrated circuit with a plurality of inputs coupled to a second side of said at least one carrier, wherein the dimensions of at least one of said at least one carrier is limited not to exceed at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector dimensions;

wherein at least a portion of said plurality of particles produce a plurality of signals in at least one of said at least one position sensitive detector;

wherein at least one portion of said plurality of conductive paths connects at least one portion of said plurality of signals to at least one portion of said plurality of inputs; and

wherein at least one of said at least one integrated circuit processes at least one portion of said plurality of signals and produces at least one output.

46. The method for detecting a plurality of particles of claim 45, wherein at least one portion of said plurality particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.

47. The detector system of claim 45, wherein said at least one four side abuttable detector module is abutted with at least one other detector module to produce a large detector array.

48. A method for detecting a plurality of particles using at least one detector module, said method comprising:

detecting a portion of said plurality of particles by at least one position sensitive detector and producing a plurality of signals, wherein said at least one position sensitive detector comprises at least one scintillator coupled to at least one solid-state light detector;

coupling said at least one position sensitive detector onto a first side of at least one carrier containing a plurality of connections;

coupling at least one integrated circuit with a plurality of inputs to a second side of said at least one carrier;

making said first side and said second side of said at least one carrier to have an area equal or smaller than the size of said at least one position sensitive detector;

connecting said plurality of signals to said plurality of inputs using said plurality of connections; and

processing said plurality of signals by said at least one integrated circuit and producing at least one output.

49. The method for detecting a plurality of particles of claim 48, wherein said plurality of particles are selected from the group consisting of photons, electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, x-rays and gamma rays.