Memory controller for non-homogeneous memory system

• US 7,581,078 B2
• Filed: 09/10/2007
• Issued: 08/25/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 04/20/2004
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Rambus Inc.
• Original Assignee: Rambus Inc.
• Inventors: Ware, Frederick A.
• Primary Examiner(s): BATAILLE, PIERRE MICHE
• Application Number:
  US11/852,996
• Publication Number:
  US 20070300038A1
• Time in Patent Office: 715 Days
• Field of Search: 711/203, 711/154, 711/156, 711/129, 711/103, 711/134, 710/57, 710/54, 710/56
• US Class Current: 711/203
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 12/0292 using tables or multilevel address translation means G06F12/023 takes precedence; address translation in virtual memory systems G06F12/10
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 12/08 in hierarchically structured memory systems, e.g. virtual memory systems
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 12/0804 with main memory updating G06F12/0806 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 12/10 Address translation
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2212/2022 Flash memory
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2212/205 Hybrid memory, e.g. using both volatile and non-volatile memory
• CPC Class Codes: Y02D 10/00 Energy efficient computing, e.g. low power processors, power management or thermal management

Abstract

A memory controller includes at least one interface adapted to be coupled to one or more first memory devices of a first memory type having a first set of attributes, and to one or more second memory devices of a second memory type having a second set of attributes. The first and second sets of attributes have at least one differing attribute. The controller also includes interface logic configured to direct memory transactions having a predefined first characteristic to the first memory devices and to direct memory transactions having a predefined second characteristic to the second memory devices. Pages having a usage characteristic of large volumes of write operations may be mapped to the one or more first memory devices, while pages having a read-only or read-mostly usage characteristic may be mapped to the one or more second memory devices.

Claims

1. A controller, comprising:

at least one interface adapted to be coupled to one or more first memory devices, comprising volatile memory devices, and one or more second memory devices, comprising non-volatile memory devices; and

interface logic coupled to the at least one interface to direct memory transactions having a predefined first characteristic to the first memory devices and to direct at least some memory transactions having a predefined second characteristic to the second memory devices, wherein the second characteristic comprises a usage characteristic selected from the group consisting of a read-mostly characteristic and read-only characteristic; and

wherein the usage characteristic of at least some memory transactions is updated during operation.

5. The controller of claim 1, further comprising:

a write cache for storing data associated with write operations directed to any of the one or more second memory devices.

6. The controller of claim 5, wherein the controller is configurable to write data stored therein to the one or more second memory devices.

7. The controller of claim 5, wherein the controller is adapted to relocate one or more pages from the one or more second memory devices to the one or more first memory devices when a predefined write cache state occurs.

8. The controller of claim 1, wherein the one or more first memory devices are Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) devices and the one or more second memory devices are Flash memory devices.

9. The controller of claim 1, wherein the memory controller is configurable to move pages from the one or more first memory devices to secondary storage and to then power down the one or more first memory devices.

10. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller is adapted for use in conjunction with a processor having virtual memory logic for mapping virtual memory addresses into physical memory addresses and page logic for assigning physical memory addresses to virtual memory addresses, wherein the page logic is configured to assign physical memory addresses in the one or more first memory devices to virtual memory addresses associated with a first usage characteristic, and to assign physical memory addresses in the one or more second memory devices to virtual memory addresses associated with a second usage characteristic.

2. The controller of clam 1, wherein the second memory devices have a limited write operation endurance.

3. The controller of claim 2, further comprising:

an endurance counter for counting a number of write operations to a block of memory cells in the one or more second memory devices.

4. The controller of claim 2, further comprising:

a set of endurance counters for counting the number of write operations to each block of memory cells in the one or more second memory devices.

11. A controller, comprising:

interface means for coupling the controller to one or more first memory devices comprising volatile memory devices and to one or more second memory devices comprising non-volatile memory devices; and

logic means coupled to the interface means for directing memory transactions having a predefined first characteristic to the first memory devices and for directing at least some memory transactions having a predefined second characteristic to the second memory devices, wherein the second characteristic comprises a usage characteristic selected from the group consisting of a read-mostly characteristic and read-only characteristic, and wherein the usage characteristic of at least some memory transactions is updated during operation.

12. A system, comprising:

at least one interface adapted to be coupled to one or more first memory devices of a first memory type having a first set of attributes and to one or more second memory devices of a second memory type having a second set of attributes, wherein the first and second sets of attributes have at least one differing attribute;

interface logic coupled to the at least one interface and configured to direct memory transactions having a predefined first characteristic to the first memory devices and to direct memory transactions having a predefined second characteristic to the second memory devices; and

a processor having virtual memory logic for mapping virtual memory addresses into physical memory addresses and page logic for assigning physical memory addresses to virtual memory addresses, wherein the page logic is configured to assign physical memory addresses in the one or more first memory devices to virtual memory addresses associated with a first usage characteristic, and to assign physical memory addresses in the one or more second memory devices to virtual memory addresses associated with a second usage characteristic.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the first usage characteristic comprises memory usage that includes both read and write operations.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the second usage characteristic comprises memory usage that includes only read operations.

15. The system of claim 13, wherein the second usage characteristic comprises memory usage that includes read operations and less than a threshold amount of write operations.

16. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor includes a page table cache having entries that include a field whose value is set by the processor in accordance with the first and second usage characteristics.

17. The system of claim 12, including a page table, for mapping virtual memory pages to physical memory pages, having a plurality of entries that include a field whose value is set in accordance with whether corresponding virtual memory pages are associated with the first or second usage characteristic.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the system is configured to change the value of the field in an entry of the page table based on usage of the corresponding page.

19. The system, comprising:

interface means for coupling to one or more first memory devices of a first memory type having a first set of attributes and to one or more second memory devices of a second memory type having a second set of attributes, wherein the first and second sets of attributes have at least one differing attribute;

logic means coupled to the interface means for directing memory transactions having a predefined first characteristic to the first memory devices and to direct memory transactions having a predefined second characteristic to the second memory devices; and

virtual memory means for mapping virtual memory addresses into physical memory addresses and page means for assigning physical memory addresses to virtual memory addresses, wherein the page means assigned physical memory addresses in the one or more first memory devices to virtual memory addresses associated with a first usage characteristic, and assigns physical memory addresses in the one or more second memory devices to virtual memory addresses associated with a second usage characteristic.

20. A method of managing memory in a non-homogeneous memory system, comprising:

establishing a plurality of page table entries, each entry in the plurality of page table entries mapping a virtual memory page address to a physical memory page address, each said entry including a usage field identifying a respective portion of main memory in which the physical memory page address is located, wherein the main memory includes at least two distinct portions, including a first portion implemented with one or more first memory devices of a first memory type having a first set of attributes and a second portion implemented with one or more second memory devices of a second memory type having a second set of attributes, wherein the first and second sets of attributes have at least one differing attribute;

receiving a memory transaction request;

translating a virtual address of a page associated with the memory transaction request into a physical address in accordance with a corresponding page table entry of the plurality of page table entries, the physical address comprising a physical address in a respective portion of main memory;

directing the memory transaction to the physical address in the respective portion of main memory.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the first memory devices are volatile memory devices, the first set of attributes include an unlimited endurance characteristic, the second memory devices are non-volatile memory devices, and the second set of attributes include a limited endurance characteristic.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the second memory devices are non-volatile memory devices and the first memory devices are volatile memory devices.

23. The method of claim 20, farther comprising:

determining if an endurance limitation associated with one of the second memory devices has been exceeded; and

redirecting the memory transaction if the endurance limitation not been exceeded.

24. The method of claim 20, wherein the second memory devices are non-volatile memory devices, and the method includes:

redirecting at least one write operation directed to one of the second memory devices to a write cache.

25. The method of claim 20, including moving pages from the one or more first memory devices to secondary storage and then powering down the one or more first memory devices.