Rankine-Brayton engine powered solar thermal aircraft

• US 7,637,457 B2
• Filed: 03/29/2007
• Issued: 12/29/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 04/30/2004
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC (Government of the United States of America)
• Original Assignee: Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC (Government of the United States of America)
• Inventors: Bennett, Charles L.
• Primary Examiner(s): DINH, TIEN QUANG
• Application Number:
  US11/731,253
• Publication Number:
  US 20080121755A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,006 Days
• Field of Search: 244/53.R, 244/13, 244/60, 244/59
• US Class Current: 244/59
• CPC Class Codes: B64D 27/023 of rocket type, e.g. for assisting taking-off or braking
• CPC Class Codes: B64D 27/24 using steam or spring force jet aircraft B64D27/16
• CPC Class Codes: B64D 27/353 using solar cells
• CPC Class Codes: B64U 10/25 Fixed-wing aircraft VTOL aircraft B64U10/20
• CPC Class Codes: B64U 30/10 Wings
• CPC Class Codes: B64U 30/40 Empennages, e.g. V-tails foldable or collapsible UAVs B64U20/50
• CPC Class Codes: B64U 50/13 using external fans or propellers
• CPC Class Codes: F01K 15/02 for driving vehicles, e.g. locomotives
• CPC Class Codes: F01K 25/08 using special vapours
• CPC Class Codes: F01K 3/004 Accumulation in the liquid branch of the circuit
• CPC Class Codes: F01K 7/32 the engines using steam of critical or overcritical pressure
• CPC Class Codes: F03G 6/065 having a Rankine cycle
• CPC Class Codes: F03G 6/068 having other power cycles, e.g. Stirling or transcritical, supercritical cycles; combined with other power sources, e.g. wind, gas or nuclear
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/46 Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 50/50 On board measures aiming to increase energy efficiency
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 50/60 Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/40 Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Abstract

A solar thermal powered aircraft powered by heat energy from the sun. A Rankine-Brayton hybrid cycle heat engine is carried by the aircraft body for producing power for a propulsion mechanism, such as a propeller or other mechanism for enabling sustained free flight. The Rankine-Brayton engine has a thermal battery, preferably containing a lithium-hydride and lithium mixture, operably connected to it so that heat is supplied from the thermal battery to a working fluid. A solar concentrator, such as reflective parabolic trough, is movably connected to an optically transparent section of the aircraft body for receiving and concentrating solar energy from within the aircraft. Concentrated solar energy is collected by a heat collection and transport conduit, and heat transported to the thermal battery. A solar tracker includes a heliostat for determining optimal alignment with the sun, and a drive motor actuating the solar concentrator into optimal alignment with the sun based on a determination by the heliostat.

Claims

1. An aircraft powered by the heat of the sun comprising:

an aircraft body;

a Rankine-Brayton hybrid thermodynamic cycle heat engine carried by said aircraft body for producing power, said heat engine having a pump for pressurizing a sub-critical pressure liquid-phase working fluid to a supercritical pressure;

heat storage means for storing thermal energy and using the stored thermal energy to heat the supercritical pressure liquid-phase working fluid to a supercritical temperature, supercritical pressure phase;

an expander for substantially isentropically expanding the supercritical temperature, supercritical pressure working fluid to reduce the pressure of the working fluid back to a sub-critical pressure level; and

an air-cooled condenser in thermal contact with the ambient environment for condensing the sub-critical pressure working fluid back to the sub-critical temperature liquid phase;

propulsion means powered by said heat engine means for enabling sustained flight of said aircraft;

solar concentration means movably connected to said aircraft body for receiving and concentrating solar energy;

solar tracking means including means for determining whether said solar concentration means is optimally aligned with the sun, and means for actuating said solar concentration means into optimal alignment with the sun based on said determination; and

heat collection/transport means for collecting the concentrated solar energy and transporting heat to said heat storage means.

2. The aircraft of claim 1,

wherein the working fluid of said Rankine-Brayton heat engine is selected from the group consisting of ethene, ethane, and CO₂.

3. The aircraft of claim 1,

wherein at least one of the expander and pump of said heat engine is a double-acting reciprocating piston assembly.

4. The aircraft of claim 1,

further comprising a heat interchanger for pre-heating working fluid prior to being heated by the heat storage means using heat from working fluid exhausted from the expander.

5. The aircraft of claim 1,

further comprising a fluid reservoir for storing supercritically pressurized working fluid produced from the pump.

6. The aircraft of claim 5,

further comprising means for controlling the supercritical pressurization of working fluid produced by the pump, said means for controlling including a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure level of the supercritical pressure working fluid.

7. The aircraft of claim 1,

wherein said heat storage means comprises a thermal container and a mixture of lithium hydride and lithium metal contained therein.

8. The aircraft of claim 7,

wherein said mixture of lithium hydride and lithium metal is in substantial equilibrium with dissociation products, including hydrogen gas, and liquid phase lithium and lithium hydride.

9. The aircraft of claim 7,

wherein said thermal container includes an inner containment shell structure and an outer vacuum shell supporting an evacuated space therebetween.

10. The aircraft of claim 9,

wherein said thermal container includes thermal battery insulation in said evacuated space comprising multiple layers of highly reflective material to shield against radiation.

11. The aircraft of claim 1,

wherein said aircraft body includes an optically transparent section, and said solar concentration means is movably mounted in said optically transparent section so that incident solar flux is transmitted therethrough to said solar concentration means.

12. The aircraft of claim 11,

wherein said optically transparent section is on a fuselage of said aircraft body.

13. The aircraft of claim 11,

wherein said optically transparent section is on a wing of said aircraft body.

14. The aircraft of claim 11,

wherein said solar concentration means is a reflective parabolic trough for concentrating solar energy along a focal axis thereof and adapted to rotate about said focal axis, and said heat collection/transport means is positioned along said focal axis to collect the concentrated solar energy.

15. The aircraft of claim 14,

wherein said means for determining optimal alignment comprises a heliostat mounted on said reflective parabolic trough for rotation therewith about said focal axis.

16. The aircraft of claim 15,

wherein said heliostat is located along a symmetric plane of said reflective parabolic trough and adapted to detect a shadow of said heat collection/transport means for use in the optimal alignment determination.

17. The aircraft of claim 16,

wherein said heliostat includes solar cells symmetrically arranged about said symmetric plane.

18. The aircraft of claim 17,

wherein said solar cells include a center cell, and two outer cells on opposite sides of the center cell.

19. The aircraft of claim 18,

wherein, in a sun tracking mode, said heliostat is adapted to detect deviations from optimal alignment of said reflective parabolic trough by detecting voltage differences between said two outer cells.

20. The aircraft of claim 18,

wherein, in a sun searching mode, said heliostat is adapted to locate the position of the sun by detecting the voltage difference between the center cell and the average of the two outer cells.

21. The aircraft of claim 17,

wherein the solar cells of said heliostat provide power to said actuation means to rotate said reflective parabolic trough into optimal alignment with the sun.

22. The aircraft of claim 14,

wherein said heat collection/transport means comprises a heat pipe containing a heat transfer working fluid and connected at one end to said heat storage means.

23. The aircraft of claim 22,

wherein said heat pipe has a triangular cross-section forming a single channel containing the heat transfer working fluid.

24. The aircraft of claim 22,

wherein said heat pipe comprises multiple channels in parallel containing the heat transfer working fluid.

25. The aircraft of claim 24,

wherein said multiple channels each have a triangular cross-section.

26. The aircraft of claim 22,

wherein said heat collection/transport means further comprises an optically transparent heat collector envelope coaxially surrounding said heat pipe and supporting a vacuum therebetween, said heat collector envelope allowing concentrated solar energy to be transmitted to said heat pipe while substantially inhibiting conductive and convective heat loss therefrom.

27. The aircraft of claim 26,

wherein said heat collector envelope has an anti-reflection coating that decreases the transmission loss of sunlight to said heat pipe, and minimizes radiative heating of said heat collector envelope by said heat pipe.

28. The aircraft of claim 22,

wherein said heat pipe contains sodium as the heat transfer working fluid.

29. The aircraft of claim 22,

wherein said heat pipe contains lithium as the heat transfer working fluid.

30. The aircraft of claim 22,

wherein said heat pipe has a bend section which slopes downward away from said heat storage means, for draining the heat transfer working fluid away from said heat storage means during dark periods.

31. The aircraft of claim 22,

further comprising a back-reflector adjacent the heat pipe at a side thereof opposite the reflective parabolic trough, for reflecting radiation from said heat pipe back thereto.

32. The aircraft of claim 31,

wherein said means for determining optimal alignment uses a shadow of said back-reflector for said determination.